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. 2024 May 9;29(11):3330–3343. doi: 10.1038/s41380-024-02576-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A Two mediation models of protein expression: transcription-dependent protein regulation and transcription-independent protein regulation. B Scatter plot showing negative log-transformed p values of cis-pQTL before and after conditioning on mRNA. C Box and whisker plot showing Pearson correlation coefficient between expression levels of proteins and transcripts in both transcript-mediated and transcript-independent groups. The plot shows the mean (horizontal lines), 5^th–95^th percentile values (boxes), and SEM (whiskers). D Box and whisker plot showing effect sizes of transcription-dependent and transcription-independent regulations. E An example of transcription-dependent regulation is exemplified by TRPV2. LocusZoom plots show a significant localization of cis-pQTL (top) and cis-eQTL (bottom). The inset shows the scatter plot of a high correlation (r = 0.70) between the expression of gene and protein. F Transcription-independent regulation is exemplified by GLRX5. LocusZoom plots show a significant cis-pQTL but not a cis-eQTL. The inset shows the scatter plot of a low correlation (r = 0.10) of GLRX5 expression levels between gene and protein.