Fig. 2. The mean annual cycles of residual vertical displacements at GNET sites.

Note that displacements are obtained after subtracting the loading signals resulting from modelled SMB and non-ice processes (Methods), as well as a subsequent detrending. The red shading depicts the one-sigma uncertainty. Vertical blue lines denote May (as the onset of the melt season) and July (as the month of the peak water storage). The map in the centre shows mean ice-flow velocities during 1985–2018 from NASA’s Making Earth System Data Records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs) programme³⁹. Extended Data Fig. 3 shows an example of how the residual vertical displacements are computed.