Table 3.
Characteristics and findings of included studies using self-perceived hearing assessment
| Study | Sample | Criteria diagnosis for cognitive impairment | Auditory test | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gold, et al. [23] | 52 Patients: 30 probable AD with mean MMSE 18.2 (Group 1) and 22 other forms of cognitive impairment with mean MMSE 22.9 (Group 2); mean age 77.2 yrs for group 1 and 75.5 yrs for group 2 | Probable AD: The criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorder Association | Hearing Handicap Inventory for Elderly-screening version (HHIE) | For self-patient assessment (HHIE-S), sensitivity 30.4%, specificity 100%, PPV 100%, NPV 8.6%, accuracy 34.7% |
| For caregiver assessment (HHIE-SP), sensitivity 42.4%, specificity 100%, PPV 100%, NPV 13.6%, accuracy 47.2% (Values were calculated from raw data when failure was defined as: 1) pure-tone average ＞40 dB, 2) HHIE score ＞18, or 3) a passing score (＜18) on the HHIE and no response to a 25 dB HL pure tone) | ||||
| Lee, et al. [24] | 46 MCI patients: 15 MCI with FED with mean K-MMSE 25, and 30 MCI without FED with mean K-MMSE 26; Mean age 66.56 yrs for MCI with FED and 68.56 yrs for MCI without FED | MCI: the Peterson’s criteria | Korean version of Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (K-HHIE) | For total MCI patients, adjusted correlation analysis by depression levels showed a weak positive, nonsignificant correlation between K-HHIE score and pure-tone average (Spearman’s rho=0.260 [95% CI -0.03, 0.548]) |
| Utoomprurkporn, et al. [25] | 28 Patients: 13 MCI with hearing impairment (mean MoCA-HA 22.03), 15 dementia with hearing impairment (mean MoCA-HA 15.20); Mean age 83.8 and 80.8 yrs for MCI and dementia group, respectively | MCI: ICD-10 criteria | - The modified Amsterdam Inventory for Auditory Disability (mAIAD) | Weak and nonsignificant correlations were found between the overall mAIAD score and pure-tone average (r=-0.24, p=0.197 and r=-0.50, p=0.069 for MCI and dementia group, respectively) |
| Dementia: ICD-10 criteria | - The Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale (SSQ) | Weaker and nonsignificant correlations were found between the overall SSQ score and pure-tone average (r=-0.19,p=0.321 and r=-0.37, p=0.169 for MCI and dementia group, respectively) | ||
| Hopper, et al. [26] | 25 Dementia: Long term care resident-based | No information about criteria diagnosis | Resident Assessment Instrument– Minimum Data Set 2.0 (RAI-MDS) by health care staff | A weak, significant intraclass correlation coefficient was found between pure-tone average category and the RAI-MDS rating (r=0.286, p=0.015) |
| Kim, et al. [27] | - 801 Self-rated assessment: 608 MCI (mean age 80.4 yrs), 193 dementia (mean age 82.7 yrs) | No information about criteria diagnosis | - Self-rated assessment: “best describe [their] hearing” (6-rating scale) | - For self-rated assessment: |
| - Proxy-rated assessment: “significant hearing difficulties that interfere with daily communication.” (Yes/No) | MCI: sensitivity 61.1%, specificity 84.9% | |||
| - 520 Proxy-rated assessment | Dementia: sensitivity 52.6%, specificity 81.2% | |||
| - For proxy-rated assessment: | ||||
| MCI: sensitivity 65.7%, specificity 83.3% | ||||
| Dementia: sensitivity 73.3%, specificity 60.3% | ||||
| (“Test positive” was defined as: | ||||
| - Pure-tone average ≥40 dB | ||||
| - “moderate trouble” or greater in self-rated assessment | ||||
| - “Yes” in proxy-rated assessment) |
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; K-MMSE, Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value; CI, confidence interval; FED, frontal-executive dysfunction; MoCA-HA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment for hearing-aid users; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision