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. 2024 May 21;29(11):3483–3494. doi: 10.1038/s41380-024-02591-9

Table 2.

Associations between life-course models of neighbourhood deprivation and global brain measures.

Model 1a Model 2b
β SE p pFDR β SE p pFDR
Childhood neighbourhood deprivation
     Total brain volume, n = 305 −0.03 0.02 0.16 0.70 −0.04 0.02 0.05 0.26
     Grey matter volume, n = 305 −0.04 0.03 0.18 0.70 −0.06 0.03 0.06 0.26
     Normal-appearing white matter volume, n = 305 0.01 0.03 0.76 0.87 0.01 0.03 0.85 0.85
     White matter hyperintensity volume, n = 311 −0.01 0.05 0.81 0.87 −0.02 0.05 0.78 0.85
     Cortical surface area, n = 296 −0.01 0.03 0.68 0.87 −0.01 0.03 0.69 0.85
     Mean cortical thickness, n = 296 −0.06 0.06 0.33 0.78 −0.07 0.06 0.24 0.58
     General fractional anisotropyc, n = 307 −0.05 0.06 0.39 0.78 −0.07 0.06 0.29 0.58
     General mean diffusivityc, n = 307 −0.01 0.06 0.87 0.87 0.01 0.06 0.83 0.85
Young adulthood neighbourhood deprivation
     Total brain volume, n = 376 −0.01 0.02 0.60 0.69 −0.02 0.02 0.28 0.37
     Grey matter volume, n = 376 −0.03 0.03 0.26 0.38 −0.05 0.03 0.11 0.22
   Normal-appearing white matter volume, n = 376 0.04 0.03 0.21 0.38 0.04 0.03 0.18 0.30
   White matter hyperintensity volume, n = 383 −0.01 0.05 0.82 0.82 −0.03 0.05 0.50 0.50
     Cortical surface area, n = 367 −0.04 0.03 0.17 0.38 −0.06 0.03 0.05 0.20
     Mean cortical thickness, n = 367 −0.14 0.05 0.01 0.06 −0.10 0.05 0.08 0.20
     General fractional anisotropyc, n = 376 −0.12 0.06 0.04 0.15 −0.14 0.06 0.02 0.17
     Gneral mean diffusivityc, n = 376 −0.06 0.06 0.28 0.38 −0.05 0.06 0.38 0.43
Mid- to late adulthood neighbourhood deprivation
     Total brain volume, n = 390 −0.05 0.02 0.010 0.02 −0.06 0.02 0.003 0.008
     Grey matter volume, n = 390 −0.09 0.03 0.003 0.01 −0.11 0.03 <0.001 0.003
     Normal-appearing white matter volume, n = 390 −0.06 0.03 0.05 0.08 −0.07 0.03 0.02 0.04
     White matter hyperintensity volume, n = 396 0.04 0.05 0.39 0.45 0.05 0.05 0.35 0.40
     Cortical surface area, n = 379 −0.03 0.03 0.22 0.29 −0.05 0.03 0.14 0.19
     Mean cortical thickness, n = 379 −0.19 0.05 <0.001 0.002 −0.14 0.06 0.013 0.03
     General fractional anisotropyc, n = 388 −0.14 0.05 0.008 0.02 −0.19 0.06 0.002 0.006
     General mean diffusivityc, n = 388 −0.02 0.06 0.70 0.70 0.03 0.06 0.68 0.68
Accumulated neighbourhood deprivation
     Total brain volume, n = 276 −0.04 0.02 0.05 0.16 −0.06 0.02 0.01 0.046
     Grey matter volume, n = 276 −0.06 0.03 0.06 0.16 −0.10 0.04 0.01 0.046
     Normal-appearing white matter volume, n = 276 0.00 0.03 0.98 0.98 0.00 0.04 0.96 0.96
     White matter hyperintensity volume, n = 281 0.00 0.05 0.93 0.98 −0.01 0.06 0.93 0.96
     Cortical surface area, n = 268 −0.03 0.03 0.34 0.46 −0.04 0.04 0.31 0.50
     Mean cortical thickness, n = 268 −0.16 0.06 0.01 0.09 −0.10 0.07 0.15 0.30
     General fractional anisotropyc, n = 276 −0.08 0.06 0.19 0.38 −0.13 0.07 0.09 0.23
     General mean diffusivityc, n = 276 −0.07 0.07 0.28 0.45 −0.04 0.08 0.59 0.78

Models were fitted within the structural equation modelling framework applying full information maximum likelihood estimation. Total sample size was N = 658 for total brain, grey matter, and normal-appearing white matter volumes, N = 672 for white matter hyperintensity volume, N = 636 for cortical surface area and mean cortical thickness, and N = 665 for general fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity; information on the numbers of complete exposure-outcome observations (n) is presented in the table. Model fit indices for general fractional anisotropy and general mean diffusivity are in Supplementary Table 4. Bold typeface denotes false discovery rate adjusted significance (pFDR < 0.05). SE = standard error.

aModels were adjusted for sex and age (and intracranial volume for macrostructural measures).

bModels were adjusted for sex, age, (intracranial volume for macrostructural measures,) and father’s occupational social class. In addition, young adulthood models were adjusted for childhood IQ and years spent in education, and mid- to late adulthood/ accumulation models also for adult occupational social class.

cNo adjustment for intracranial volume.