Table 4. Association of Neonatal Mortality and Hospital Delivery by Fixed-Effects Multivariable Estimation in GDP per Capita Quartilesa.
| GDP per capita in 2020 | Quartile 1 (<US $4854) | Quartile 2 (US $4854-$6912) | Quartile 3 (US $6913-$10 494) | Quartile 4 (>US $10 494) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sample size (county-year records) | 9141 | NA | 9125 | NA | 9046 | NA | 8943 | NA |
| Hospital deliveryb | −14.00 (−19.66 to −8.33) | <.001 | −13.41 (−20.56 to −6.26) | <.001 | −8.90 (−15.37 to −2.42) | .007 | −0.68 (−1.79 to 0.43) | .23 |
| GDP per capita (natural logarithm) | −2.22 (−2.99 to −1.45) | <.001 | −1.99 (−2.56 to −1.41) | <.001 | −1.64 (−2.13 to −1.14) | <.001 | −1.31 (−1.65 to −0.98) | <.001 |
| Women’s education years | −0.49 (−2.30 to 1.33) | .60 | −0.77 (−1.48 to −0.07) | .03 | −1.11 (−1.64 to −0.58) | <.001 | −0.64 (−0.96 to −0.32) | <.001 |
| No. of hospital beds | −0.94 (−1.41 to −0.48) | <.001 | −0.93 (−1.18 to −0.68) | <.001 | −0.66 (−0.86 to −0.45) | <.001 | −0.23 (−0.40 to −0.07) | .002 |
| No. of health workers | −1.31 (−1.89 to −0.73) | <.001 | −1.04 (−1.39 to −0.69) | <.001 | −0.66 (−0.96 to −0.36) | <.001 | −0.63 (−0.89 to −0.38) | <.001 |
| Constant | 34.36 (22.95 to 45.76) | <.001 | 35.22 (27.54 to 42.89) | <.001 | 31.34 (23.22 to 39.46) | <.001 | 16.74 (13.79 to 19.78) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: GDP, gross domestic product; NA, not applicable.
a
Fixed-effects estimation of county-level cohort data between 2008 and 2020.
b
Measured between 0 and 1, indicating 0% to 100% of pregnant women who delivered newborns in hospitals.