Table 2.
Adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for air pollution score with the risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Per 1 SD Increment | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants without any cardiometabolic disease at baseline | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 52.82 (45.58, 56.74) | 59.53 (56.74, 61.76) | 63.77 (61.76, 65.75) | 67.95 (65.75, 70.87) | 75.78 (70.87, 174.11) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 809/1,037,830 | 925/1,034,613 | 1088/1,030,541 | 1111/1,030,000 | 1245/1,034,415 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.17 (1.06–1.28) | 1.41 (1.29–1.55) | 1.51 (1.37–1.65) | 1.76 (1.61–1.92) | 1.18 (1.15–1.21) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 1.21 (1.11–1.33) | 1.22 (1.11–1.34) | 1.31 (1.19–1.43) | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | 1.24 (1.14–1.36) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | < 0.001 |
| Participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 52.82 (45.58, 56.74) | 59.53 (56.74, 61.76) | 63.77 (61.76, 65.75) | 67.95 (65.75, 70.87) | 75.78 (70.87, 174.11) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 809/1,037,830 | 925/1,034,613 | 1088/1,030,541 | 1111/1,030,000 | 1245/1,034,415 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.17 (1.06–1.28) | 1.41 (1.29–1.55) | 1.51 (1.37–1.65) | 1.76 (1.61–1.92) | 1.18 (1.15–1.21) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 1.21 (1.11–1.33) | 1.22 (1.11–1.34) | 1.31 (1.19–1.43) | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | 1.24 (1.14–1.36) | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | < 0.001 |
| Participants with stroke at baseline | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 53.67 (45.58, 57.27) | 60.12 (57.28, 62.32) | 64.38 (62.32, 66.3) | 68.80 (66.30, 71.91) | 76.90 (71.92, 156.86) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 176/11,759 | 227/11,415 | 227/11,514 | 255/11,223 | 269/11,004 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) | 1.60 (1.32–1.94) | 1.72 (1.42–2.08) | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.22 (1.00–1.49) | 1.20 (0.98–1.46) | 1.37 (1.12–1.66) | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.21 (1.00–1.48) | 1.18 (0.96–1.43) | 1.31 (1.08–1.60) | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 0.003 |
| Participants with CHD at baseline | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 53.53 (45.62, 57.46) | 60.05 (57.46, 62.14) | 64.12 (62.14, 66.02) | 68.22 (66.02, 70.99) | 75.95 (70.99, 157.49) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 587/43,094 | 634/42,457 | 647/42,254 | 671/41,614 | 713/41,897 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 1.22 (1.09–1.36) | 1.30 (1.17–1.45) | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.07 (0.95–1.19) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.08 (0.96–1.20) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.140 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.06 (0.94–1.18) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.195 |
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CHD, coronary heart disease; Q1, the first quartile; Q2, the second quartile; Q3, the third quartile; Q4, the forth quartile; Q5, the last quartile Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex; Model 2 further adjusted for ethnicity (white/non-white), education (0–7 years, 8–10 years, 11–15 years, or 16- years), income(continuous), work(employed/unemployed), drinking status (never/past/current), and smoking status (never/past/current); Model 3 was additionally adjusted for BMI (continuous), SBP (continuous), and physical activity (MET-min/week).