Table 3.
Adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for air pollution score with the risk of all-cause mortality.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Per 1 SD Increment | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants without any cardiometabolic disease at baseline | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 52.82 (45.58, 56.74) | 59.53 (56.74, 61.76) | 63.77 (61.76, 65.75) | 67.95 (65.75, 70.87) | 75.78 (70.87, 174.11) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 4631/1,036,238 | 4829/1,033,221 | 4983/1,029,516 | 5169/1,028,309 | 5401/1,033,342 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 1.13 (1.09–1.18) | 1.23 (1.18–1.28) | 1.35 (1.30–1.41) | 1.11 (1.10–1.12) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.11 (1.06–1.15) | 1.17 (1.12–1.21) | 1.06 (1.04–1.07) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | 1.16 (1.11–1.20) | 1.06 (1.04–1.07) | < 0.001 |
| Participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 54.39 (45.59, 58.36) | 60.97 (58.36, 63.12) | 65.02 (63.12, 67.02) | 69.17 (67.02, 72.15) | 77.47 (72.15, 165.61) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 450/41,554 | 514/41,258 | 511/41,098 | 450/41,131 | 527/41,258 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.19 (1.05–1.35) | 1.24 (1.09–1.41) | 1.11 (0.98–1.27) | 1.36 (1.20–1.54) | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 1.20 (1.05–1.36) | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.068 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.122 |
| Participants with stroke at baseline | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 53.67 (45.58, 57.27) | 60.12 (57.28, 62.32) | 64.38 (62.32, 66.30) | 68.80 (66.3, 71.91) | 76.90 (71.92, 156.86) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 146/12,685 | 164/12,656 | 175/12,587 | 186/12,540 | 218/12,359 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.15 (0.92–1.44) | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) | 1.40 (1.13–1.74) | 1.68 (1.37–2.08) | 1.16 (1.10–1.23) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 1.12 (0.89–1.39) | 1.19 (0.95–1.48) | 1.34 (1.08–1.66) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 0.002 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) | 1.13 (0.90–1.40) | 1.18 (0.94–1.47) | 1.34 (1.08–1.66) | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 0.003 |
| Participants with CHD at baseline | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 53.53 (45.62, 57.46) | 60.05 (57.46, 62.14) | 64.12 (62.14, 66.02) | 68.22 (66.02, 70.99) | 75.95 (70.99, 157.49) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 560/45,995 | 614/45,621 | 630/45,448 | 684/45,163 | 723/45,538 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.14 (1.01–1.27) | 1.20 (1.07–1.34) | 1.35 (1.21–1.51) | 1.47 (1.32–1.64) | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.19 (1.07–1.34) | 1.27 (1.13–1.42) | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | < 0.001 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | 1.26 (1.12–1.41) | 1.07 (1.04–1.11) | < 0.001 |
| Participants with cardiometabolic multimorbidity | |||||||
| Air pollution score median (min, max) | 55.04 (45.59, 58.81) | 61.28 (58.81, 63.23) | 65.25 (63.23, 67.28) | 69.47 (67.28, 72.63) | 78.29 (72.63, 144.60) | ||
| Cases/person-years | 324/13,293 | 337/13,097 | 339/13,073 | 332/13,166 | 346/13,150 | ||
| Model 1 | Ref | 1.09 (0.93–1.26) | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 1.10 (0.95–1.29) | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) | 0.027 |
| Model 2 | Ref | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 0.208 |
| Model 3 | Ref | 1.05 (0.90–1.23) | 1.03 (0.89–1.21) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 0.320 |
HR, hazard ratio; CHD, coronary heart disease; CI, confidence interval; Q1, the first quartile; Q2, the second quartile; Q3, the third quartile; Q4, the fourth quartile; Q5, the last quartile; Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex; Model 2 further adjusted for ethnicity (white/non-white), education (0–7 years, 8–10 years, 11–15 years, or 16- years), income(continuous), work(employed/unemployed), drinking status (never/past/current), and smoking status (never/past/current); Model 3 was additionally adjusted for BMI (continuous), SBP (continuous), and physical activity (MET-min/week).