Table 2.

Mapping of behavioural problems with intervention functions, behaviour change techniques, and mobile app features

(A) Barriers/facilitators (identified by patient or Physiotherapist)*	(B) COM-B	(C) Intervention function	(D) BCT	(E) App features	(F) Function	(G) App icons
• Pain interference to perform the exercise (pt and PT) • Lack of information on relationship between pain and exercise (pt)	Physical capability Reflective motivation	Education Enablement	• Adding objects to the environment • Self-monitoring of outcome of the behaviour • Information about health consequences	Education (knowledge)	An e-booklet consisting of context specific information related to preparing oneself for surgery, knowing about recovery process, and important do and don’ts to safeguard the new knee	Knowledge
• Inadequate skills to perform exercise (PT) • Difficulty to retain information on exercises & advice (pt and PT)	Physical capability Psychological capability	Training Enablement	• Instruction on how to perform the behaviour • Adding objects to the environment	Training (skill)	Audio visual aids for patients to perform exercises for range of motion, muscle strength, balance, and function	Exercise videos
• Lack of awareness about importance of exercises for recovery (PT) • Lack of motivation in patients for following the exercises (PT)	Psychological capability Reflective motivation Automatic motivation	Education Persuasion	• Self-monitoring of the behaviour • Prompt/cues • Salience of consequences • Framing/reframing	e-diary and goal setting (self-management and motivation)	An e-diary to self-monitor pain, range of motion, knee function, activity level, and adherence to exercises. Goal setting of desired activity level at the start of therapy along with rewards on completion of exercise and activity goals. Motivational messages	My Diary & Range of motion
• Distress due to pain following surgery (pt) • Poor accessibility or high cost to avail physiotherapy services and devices (pt) • Difficulty in commuting to the referral hospital (pt)	Reflective motivation Environmental opportunity	Persuasion Enablement	• Verbal persuasion about capability • Adding objects to the environment	e-connect (opportunity)	Two-way synchronous and asynchronous consultation via audio, video, and text features	Message & Appointment
• Need for personalized support and comprehensive information (pt and PT) • Need for continued support from health care provider after discharge to home (pt and PT) • Lack of motivation in patients for following the exercises (PT)	Environmental Opportunity Automatic motivation Reflective motivation	Enablement Persuasion	• Social support (practical) • Goal setting (behaviour) • Feedback on outcome of the behaviour	e-monitor (opportunity)	Facilitating continuum of care between health care provider (surgeon and physiotherapist) and patients by modifying treatment plan based on the progress.	Progress Therapy plan
• Need for physical and psychological support from family (pt)	Social opportunity Reflective Motivation	Education Enablement	• Social support (unspecified) • Social support (emotional)	e-support (opportunity)	Family members/caregiver will be sensitized to recovery needs via education material, exercise videos. They can also access progress and goals achieved by patient	Family member interface

Definition of intervention functions: Education- Increasing knowledge or understanding Persuasion- Using communication to induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action Training- Imparting skills Modelling- Providing an example for people to aspire to or imitate Enablement- Increasing means/reducing barriers to increase capability or opportunity

PT Physiotherapist, pt patient

*Collated from both literature review and primary data collection from individuals undergoing knee replacement, family members and physiotherapist