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. 2024 Nov 6;22:679. doi: 10.1186/s12951-024-02917-3

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

Methods for engineering OEVs and their applications. OEVs can be engineered through parental engineering, chemical modification, membrane fusion, fusion protein strategies, and electroporation. Both natural and engineered OEVs can be administered via oral intake, intravenous injection, local injection, and transdermal delivery. The figure was created with https://app.biorender.com/