Fig. 7.

Advantages and challenges of organoids and OEVs. Organoids have unique advantages for tissue structure reduction, drug screening, medical applications, and virus decipherment, but also face a number of challenges such as low yields, single functions, high culture costs, and lack of standardized preparation guidelines; OEVs has its own advantages in relative quantity, physiological efficacy, immunogenicity, cell-free system, and drug delivery ability. At the same time, the major challenges of OEVs are the unclear mechanism of physiological effects, the insufficient number of organoids, the need for engineering transformation, the lack of abundant sources and the lack of standardized criteria. The figure was created with https://app.biorender.com/