Table 2.

Engineering transformation method of OEVs and its specific description

Method	Specific description	Reference
Engineering parental	Organoids are engineered using genetic modification so that the OEVs they release acquire new functions	[124]
Chemical Engineering	Conjugating antibodies, peptides, or small molecule drugs to the OEVs surface to enhance targeting to specific cells or tissues	[125, 126]
Membrane Fusion	Using membrane fusion techniques to integrate the contents of liposomes or other nano-carriers containing drugs or genes into OEVs	[127]
Fusion Protein Program	By fusing proteins, OEVs can be fused with other active substances to give OEVs new functions	[128]
Electroporation Technology	Using electroporation to create temporary pores in the OEVs membrane, allowing large molecules or nucleic acids to enter the OEVs	[129, 130]