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. 2024 Nov 4;382(2284):20230233. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2023.0233

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© 2024 The Author(s).

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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World maps illustrating key steel data. — World maps illustrating key steel data. (a) In-use steel stock per capita in 2014. (b) Cumulative steel demand for meeting five essential services (i.e. electricity, water, sanitation, shelter and mobility) from 2015 to 2050. (c) International trade flows of steel scrap in 2020. Please note that the cumulative steel demand shown here is a net addition to stocks, i.e. it does not include material demand in countries that have already accumulated enough steel stocks to meet basic human needs. Only international trade flows of more than 1 Mt are shown. Data for (a) and (b) are taken from [48], while data for (c) are taken from [49].