Table 1.
Clinical details of participants.
| HV (n = 13) | No DPN (n = 7) | Painless DPN (n = 6) | Painful DPN (n = 15) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63.0 ± 12.3 | 64.4 ± 4.7 | 63.1 ± 5.9 | 65.0 ± 10.2 | 0.944 A |
| Sex (% female) | 53.8 | 40.0 | 25.0 | 47.1 | 0.620 χ2 |
| Duration DM (years) | 9.8 ± 5.8 | 16.3 ± 7.7 | 11.2 ± 6.8 | 0.177 A | |
| Retinopathy presence (% present) | 80% | 62.5% | 76.5% | <0.001 χ2*,† | |
| Retinopathy score (0 = No DR, 1 = Bck/Pre-P, 2 = Pro/Laser) | 0 = 20% 1 = 80% 2 = 0% |
0 = 37.5% 1 = 37.5% 2 = 25.0% |
0 = 23.5% 1 = 47.1% 2 = 29.4% |
<0.001 χ2*,† | |
| Nephropathy presence (% present) | 20% | 50% | 47.1% | <0.001 χ2* | |
| ACR (mg/mmol) | 0.0 (0.2) | 1.5 (1.7) | 0.9 (1.9) | 1.4 (4.0) | <0.001 KW |
| Number of hypoglycaemic episodes in the last 12 months | 0 ± 0 | 3.7 ± 7.5 | 4.7 ± 12.8 | 0.791 A | |
| Smoked ever (% yes) | 38.5% | 40% | 75% | 76.5%` | 0.110 χ2 |
| Pack-years smoking [Packs (1 pack = 20 cigarettes) × Number of years] | 14.2 ± 9.7 | 15.3 ± 20.9 | 31.2 ± 22.2 | 32.1 ± 23.7 | 0.298 A |
| Alcohol intake (units/week) | 4.4 ± 5.1 | 10.7 ± 3.1 | 6.3 ± 4.8 | 6.5 ± 5.6 | 0.337 A |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | <0.001 A |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 6.1 | 30.8 ± 4.1 | 30.1 ± 3.2 | 30.6 ± 6.6 | 0.362 A |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132.5 ± 21.0 | 124.2 ± 10.3 | 137.4 ± 19.7 | 136.0 ± 14.2 | 0.538 A |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 71.8 ± 8.1 | 77.4 ± 8.6 | 72.8 ± 11.2 | 77.6 ± 22.3 | 0.746 A |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 0.004 A |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 37.4 ± 4.4 | 56.6 ± 10.6 | 63.1 ± 16.8 | 67.4 ± 18.9 | 0.001 A |
Boldface denotes p < 0.05.
*
p < 0.05, no DPN vs. painless DPN.
†
p < 0.05, painful DPN vs. painless DPN.