Fig. 1.

Expression of endothelial cell activation markers and cytokines in superior frontal gyrus of AD and AD + MDD groups. There was no evidence of a between group difference in ICAM-1 (A), VCAM-1 (B) or any of the pro-inflammatory cytokines under investigation (F–L). IL-4 was increased in the AD + MDD group (C) but there was no between group difference in IL-10 (D) or IL-13(E). Please note that all analyses included covariates except for IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-6 which were not normally distributed.