Fig. 2.

Expression of endothelial cell activation markers and cytokines in the insular cortex of AD and AD + MDD groups. ICAM-1 (A) but not VCAM-1 (B) appeared to be increased in the AD alone group. There was no statistical evidence of a between group difference in anti-inflammatory cytokines in the insula (C–E). TNFα (L) and IL-12p70 (K) appeared to be increased in those with co-morbid depression and AD (L) but there was no between group difference in the other pro-inflammatory cytokines measured (F–J). Please note that all analyses included covariates except for IL-1β which was not normally distributed.