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. 2024 Nov 7;15:9647. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53162-z

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© The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2024

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Fig. 4 — The interfaces recombination between perovskite and CTLs with (a) τ_surf = 10 ns and (b) τ_surf = 1 ns. The simulated transient E-field at perovskite/HTL interface vs applied voltage compared with the corresponding hysteresis curves of (c) 0.1 V/s and (d) 1 V/s in (a). “Ref” refers to the reference device without mobile ion.