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. 2024 Nov 7;14:27144. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78339-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A: Experimental setup for an EP procedure including the electrode mounting interface positioned on a rail and the Bio-Phantom; B: Cross-section of the electrode mounting interface including the positioning support, temperature sensor and plate electrodes, and the Bio-Phantom consisting of the tumor hydrogel, healthy tissue phantom C: 3D-printed biopsy punch for isolating the ablation area of a hydrogel. The printed part is connected with a luer-lock system to a 20 ml syringe.