Table 3.

Two-way split-plot ANOVA results of the distance between the talus and lateral malleolus, ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion angle and ankle eversion/inversion angle.

	Stance phase						Interaction (CAI*phase)				Main effect (CAI)				Main effect (phase)
	Early phase		Middle phase		Terminal phase
	CAI group	Control group	CAI group	Control group	CAI group	Control group	F	p	ηp2	Observed power	F	p	ηp2	Observed power	F	p	ηp2	Observed power
Distance between the talus and lateral malleolus, mm	18.96 ± 1.96 *	16.06 ± 1.04	17.45 ± 1.67 *	14.45 ± 1.28 †	20.01 ± 1.64 *, §	15.47 ± 1.50 ‡	10.684	0.002	0.239	0.888	42.410	< 0.001	0.555	1.000	70.453	< 0.001	0.674	1.000
Ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, ° +, dorsiflexion; −, plantarflexion	2.02 ± 2.10	2.37 ± 1.88	9.43 ± 2.14 †	12.22 ± 1.91 *, †	9.89 ± 3.56	14.23 ± 2.80 *, ‡	12.056	0.001	0.248	0.931	14.252	< 0.001	0.295	0.956	94.344	< 0.001	0.896	1.000
Ankle eversion/inversion, ° +, eversion ; −, inversion	0.68 ± 0.57	1.34 ± 1.41	-0.44 ± 0.48	0.42 ± 1.28	-1.28 ± 0.87	-0.65 ± 1.27	0.765	0.925	0.022	0.070	4.390	< 0.044	0.114	0.530	165.632	< 0.001	0.830	1.000

Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. D Cohen’s d, ηp2 partial eta-squared; p, p-value. The distance between the talus and lateral malleolus and the ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion angle showed significant differences based on the basis of the presence of CAI. Significant main effects are observed for the distance between the talus and lateral malleolus, ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion angle, and ankle eversion/inversion angle. CAI, chronic ankle instability. ^* post-hoc test (P < 0.001) between the CAI and control groups, ^† post-hoc test (P < 0.001) between the early stance and middle stance, ^‡ post-hoc test (P < 0.05), ^§ post-hoc test (P < 0.001) between the middle stance and terminal stance. The ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion angles were d = 1.376 in middle stance, and d = 1.371 in terminal stance.