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. 2024 Nov 7;14:27092. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78371-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Nutritional state of mites when fed on lactic acid contaminated diet and concentration of lactate in honey bees after a topical application of lactic acid. (a) Proportion of fed mites on haemolymph over 48 h with or without lactic acid. (b) The survival rate of mites was not different between haemolymph or lactic acid contaminated haemolymph (N = 30 mites/concentration). (c) Concentration of lactate in honey bee haemolymph (mg/mL) six hours after topical administration of lactic acid at 150 mg/mL. Each dot represents a hive (N = 30 honey bees/concentration). (d) Quantity (µg) of lactate in honey bee digestive tract six hours after topical administration of lactic acid. Each dot represents a hive (N = 15 honey bees/concentration) and “ns” stands for not significant.