Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included patients grouped by the occurrence of AKI in two databases of Chinese population and MIMIC-IV.
| Chinese population | MIMIC-IV population | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | No-AKI (n = 1257) | AKI (n = 257) | p-value | No-AKI (n = 350) | AKI (n = 322) | p-value |
| Sex (%) | < 0.001 | 0.135 | ||||
| Male | 642 (51.1) | 170 (66.1) | 192 (54.9) | 195 (60.6) | ||
| Female | 615 (48.9) | 87 (33.9) | 158 (45.1) | 127 (39.4) | ||
| Age (years) | 53.0 (41.0, 64.0) | 56.0(44.0, 69.0) | 0.002 | 54.0 (43.0, 67.0) | 59.5 (47.0, 72.8) | 0.001 |
| Death (%) | 5 (0.4) | 18 (7) | < 0.001 | 18 (5.1) | 78 (24.2) | < 0.001 |
| LOS(days) | 13.0 (10.0, 18.0) | 16.0 (10.0, 26.0) | < 0.001 | 9.0 (5.0, 16.0) | 16.0 (8.0, 26.0) | < 0.001 |
| ICU (%) | 115 (9.1) | 132 (51.4) | < 0.001 | 350(100) | 322(100) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 304 (24.2) | 88 (34.2) | < 0.001 | 204 (58.3) | 171 (53.1) | 0.177 |
| DM (%) | 177 (14.1) | 48 (18.7) | 0.059 | 121 (34.6) | 134 (41.6) | 0.06 |
| CHD (%) | 77 (6.1) | 26 (10.1) | 0.021 | 58 (16.6) | 65 (20.2) | 0.226 |
| COPD (%) | 48 (3.8) | 16 (6.2) | 0.081 | N/A | N/A | |
| Weight (kg) | 64.0 (56.0, 75.0) | 65.0 (55.0, 75.0) | 0.704 | 79.1 (68.8, 96.5) | 83.2 (71.1, 99.4) | 0.016 |
| Height (cm) | 163.0(158.0, 170.0) | 167.0(158.0, 172.0) | 0.001 | 170.0(163.0, 178.0) | 170.0(163.0, 178.0) | 0.877 |
| BMI | 24.1 (21.8, 26.7) | 24.2 (20.8, 26.9) | 0.437 | N/A | N/A | |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.0(119.0, 143.0) | 123.0(110.0, 140.0) | < 0.001 | 130.0(113.0, 146.0) | 122.0(105.2, 143.0) | 0.005 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.0 (74.0, 90.0) | 80.0 (66.0, 89.0) | < 0.001 | 76.0 (64.0, 88.8) | 68.0 (58.0, 81.8) | < 0.001 |
| HR (bpm) | 78.0 (72.0, 90.0) | 90.0 (76.0, 110.0) | < 0.001 | 99.0 (83.0, 114.0) | 98.0 (83.0, 115.0) | 0.599 |
| Temperature | 36.5 (36.4, 36.6) | 36.5 (36.4, 36.8) | 0.013 | N/A | N/A | |
| RR (bpm) | 20.0 (19.0, 20.0) | 20.0 (19.0, 21.0) | 0.009 | 21.0 (17.0, 24.8) | 22.0 (19.0, 27.0) | < 0.001 |
| SpO2(%) | 99.0 (98.0, 100.0) | 98.0 (96.0, 100.0) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | |
| P/F | N/A | N/A | 231.7 (172.9, 374.0) | 207.9 (138.2, 296.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Ventilation (%) | 73 (5.8) | 85 (33.1) | < 0.001 | 1.6 (0.7, 3.2) | 3.4 (1.2, 11.0) | < 0.001 |
| Transfusion (%) | 70 (5.6) | 98 (38.1) | < 0.001 | 26 (7.4) | 35 (10.9) | 0.121 |
| CRRT (%) | 21 (1.7) | 71 (27.6) | < 0.001 | 11 (3.1) | 44 (13.7) | < 0.001 |
| PLT (× 109L) | 181.0(139.0, 234.0) | 172.0(110.0, 227.0) | 0.004 | 198.0(138.2, 285.5) | 177.0(122.2, 242.0) | < 0.001 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 0.1 (0.0, 0.6) | 1.1 (0.2, 6.5) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 31.4 (5.9, 119.0) | 88.7 (16.9, 200.2) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | |
| ALB(g/dl) | 3.9 (3.5, 4.3) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.0) | < 0.001 | 3.1 (2.7, 3.6) | 3.0 (2.4, 3.3) | < 0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 6.6 (5.3, 8.9) | 7.5 (5.7, 11.2) | < 0.001 | 6.7 (5.3, 9.3) | 7.9 (5.9, 12.3) | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.5 (1.0, 3.4) | 1.8 (1.2, 6.4) | < 0.001 | 1.6 (1.1, 3.3) | 2.0 (1.2, 5.2) | 0.008 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) | < 0.001 | 2.0 (1.9, 2.2) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.1) | < 0.001 |
| CREA (µmol/L) | 65.8 (53.8, 77.0) | 143.0 (107.0, 226.0) | < 0.001 | 70.7 (53.0, 88.4) | 145.9 (97.2, 265.2) | < 0.001 |
| AMY(U/L) | 163.0 (64.5, 716.0) | 202.0(92.0, 607.0) | 0.065 | 168.0(64.5, 425.0) | 280.0(78.2, 746.0) | < 0.001 |
| PA (mg/L) | 162.3(111.0, 210.0) | 144.8(92.0, 230.0) | 0.625 | N/A | N/A | |
|
Severity of AP (%) Mild and moderate |
1181 (94) | 162 (63) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | |
| Severe | 76 (6) | 95 (37) | ||||
| Etiology of AP (%) | < 0.001 | N/A | N/A | |||
| Biliary | 887 (70.6) | 132 (51.4) | ||||
| Hyperlipidemic | 289 (23) | 65 (25.3) | ||||
| Alcoholic | 42 (3.3) | 9 (3.5) | ||||
| Others | 39 (3.1) | 51 (19.8) | ||||
| Lac (mmol/L) | N/A | N/A | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.4, 3.5) | < 0.001 | |
| HAR | 10.0 (9.0, 11.0) | 10.7 (9.2, 12.8) | < 0.001 | 11.4 ± 2.6 | 12.2 ± 3.6 | 0.002 |
LOS Length of hospital stay, DM Diabetes mellitus, CHD Coronary heart disease, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, HR Heart rate, RR Respiratory rate, SpO2 Pulse oxygen saturation, P/F PaO2/FiO2, Ventilation noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation, Transfusion blood transfusion, CRRT Continuous renal replacement treatment, WBC White blood cell count, HGB Hemoglobin, HCT Hematocrit, PCT Procalcitonin, CRP C-reactive protein, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALB Albumin, FPG Fasting plasma glucose, TG Triglyceride, Na Sodium, Ca Calcium, CREA Creatinine, Lac Lactic acid, AKI Acute kidney injury, SOFA Sequential organ failure assessment score, BISAP Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis score, HAR Dividing the hematocrit level (%) by the ALB level (g/dl).