Figure 2. Estimated Average Direct Effects of Childhood Community Disadvantage on Late-Life Gray Matter Volumes and Average Causal Mediated Effects (ACME) of Education and Income on the Association of Childhood Community Disadvantage and Late-Life Ventricular Volumes and White Matter Integrity.

All models adjusted for sex, race and ethnicity, and parental educational attainment. WMH indicates white matter hyperintensity.