Figure 1.

Schematic representations of the four categories of cellular nanoparticle (CNP) designs with progressive functions for multiplex neutralization. (A) The first category of CNPs utilizes the cell membrane shell for binding with pathological agents, while the nanoparticle core provides structural stability. (B) The second category of CNPs features cores that can bind with agents permeating the membrane, enhancing neutralization efficacy. (C) The third category of CNPs encapsulates enzymes capable of degrading agents, allowing for continuous neutralization. (D) The fourth category of CNPs is constructed with modified cell membranes to improve neutralization efficiency.