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. 2024 Oct 23;18(44):30211–30223. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09830

Figure 2.

Figure 2

CNPs made with red blood cell membrane (RBC-CNPs, denoted as “RBC-NPs” in the original study, ref (5)) were used to neutralize pore-forming toxins (PFTs). (A) Schematic representation of RBC-NPs and their mechanism for neutralizing PFTs. These nanoparticles were also named “nanosponges” to emphasize their working mechanisms of “soaking up” harmful toxins for neutralization. (B) Dose-dependent neutralization of α-toxin by RBC-NPs against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Error bars represent standard deviations (n = 6). (C) Quantification of hemolysis with anti-α-toxin as a positive control and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PEG-PLGA) or PEG-functionalized liposomes (PEG-liposome) as negative controls. Error bars represent standard deviations (n = 3). (D and E) Survival rates of mice over 15 days following intravenous injection of α-toxin (75 μg/kg). Mice received 80 mg/kg of RBC-NP nanosponges, RBC vesicles, or PEG-PLGA nanoparticles intravenously 2 min either before (D) or after (E) toxin injection (n = 9). Adapted with permission from ref (5). Copyright 2013 Springer Nature Limited.