Skip to main content
. 2024 Oct 23;18(44):30211–30223. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09830

Figure 3.

Figure 3

CNPs made with macrophage cell membrane (MΦ-CNPs, denoted as “MΦ-NPs” in the original study, ref (30)) were used to concurrently absorb endotoxins and proinflammatory cytokines for sepsis management. (A) Schematic representation illustrating the two-step process where MΦ-NPs neutralize endotoxin (LPS) and proinflammatory cytokines for managing sepsis. (B) Quantification of LPS removal using a fixed amount of LPS (25 ng) with varying amounts of MΦ-NPs. (C) In vitro removal of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, using MΦ-NPs. (D) In vivo LPS neutralization by MΦ-NPs. Survival rates (n = 10) of mice injected with LPS alone or LPS mixed with MΦ-NPs, RBC-NPs, or PEG-functionalized PLGA nanoparticles (PEG-NPs). Untreated mice served as a control group. (E) In vivo therapeutic efficacy of MΦ-NPs evaluated using a mouse bacteremia model. Survival curve of bacteremic mice treated with MΦ-NPs (n = 10). (F) Bacterial counts in the blood, spleen, kidney, and liver at 4 h after intraperitoneal injection of MΦ-NPs. Adapted with permission from ref (29). Copyright 2017, the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.