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. 2024 Oct 23;18(44):30211–30223. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09830

Figure 4.

Figure 4

CNPs made with lung epithelia cell membrane or macrophage cell membrane (Epithelial-CNPs or MΦ-CNPs, denoted as “Epithelial-NS” or “MΦ-NS”, respectively, in the original study, ref (33)) were used to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. (A) Schematic illustration of the mechanism of using CNPs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by blocking the viruses from entering the host cells. (B) Western blotting analysis revealing selective protein bands in cell lysate, cell membrane vesicles, and cellular nanosponges. (C and D) CNPs neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. The neutralization efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection by (C) Epithelial-NS and (D) MΦ-NS was evaluated using live SARS-CoV-2 viruses on Vero E6 cells. Each data set represents n = 3, with mean values presented as mean + standard deviation. Horizontal dashed lines indicate zero levels. Adapted with permission from ref (33). Copyright 2020, the American Chemical Society.