Figure 5.

CNPs consisting of cell membrane-coated oil nanosponges (denoted as “Oil-NS” in the original study, ref (40)) were developed for dual-modal neutralization against organophosphates (OP) nerve agents. (A) Schematic depiction of Oil-NS as bimodal scavengers for OPs by simultaneously engaging the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on the membrane for binding with OPs and the oil core to dissolute OPs. (B) TEM image illustrating the spherical core–shell structure of Oil-NS (scale bar = 100 nm). (C–E) The efficacy of Oil-NS in neutralizing paraoxon (POX, C), diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP, D), and dichlorvos (DDVP, E) in a dose-dependent manner. Control groups include PLGA nanoparticles coated with RBC membrane (PLGA-NS) and uncoated oil droplets. The initial OP concentration was set at 2 mg/mL for all groups. (F) In vivo treatment efficacy. Mice received a subcutaneous lethal dose of POX (0.7 mg/kg, LD100), followed by intravenous injection of Oil-NS or PLGA-NS at varied dosages. Survival rates were observed and recorded over 24 h (n = 6). (G) In vivo preventive efficacy. Mice were pretreated with varying dosages of Oil-NS or PLGA-NS via intraperitoneal injection. They were challenged with a subcutaneous injection of POX at a lethal dose (0.7 mg/kg, LD100) 2 min later. Survival rates were monitored for 24 h (n = 5). ns: not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Adapted with permission from ref (40). Copyright 2019, the American Chemical Society.