Table 1. Summary of CNP Formulations That Neutralize Targets via the Cell Membrane.

Membrane type	Target	Mechanism of action	Example	Reference
RBC	Pore-forming toxin	Toxin–membrane specific interaction	α-Hemolysin	(5, 14−23)
			Streptolysin O
			Listeriolysin O
			MRSA secreted protein
RBC and platelet	Pathological antibody	Antibody–cell receptor binding	Anti-RBC antibody	(7)
			Antiplatelet antibody	(26)
RBC and mitochondrial outer membrane	Small molecule toxicant	Molecule–receptor binding	Organophosphate	(8)
			Anticancer compound	(28)
Macrophage	LPS	LPS–membrane receptor binding	LPS	(29)
Macrophage and neutrophil	Inflammatory cytokine	Cytokine–membrane receptor binding	IL-6	(10, 29)
			IL-1β
			TNF-α
T cell, macrophage, and lung epithelial cell	Virus	Virus–membrane receptor binding	HIV SARS-CoV-2	(31−33)
RBC and macrophage	Enzyme	“Lure-and-kill” mechanism	PLA2	(36, 37)
Gastric epithelial cell and bacterial outer membrane	Bacterium	Bacterium–membrane receptor binding	H. pylori	(34, 35)