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. 2024 Oct 31;13(21):1806. doi: 10.3390/cells13211806

Table 1.

Properties of available bone graft materials.

Graft Material Advantages Disadvantages Examples *
Autogenous bone
  • -

    Osteogenic

  • -

    Osteoinductive

  • -

    Osteoconductive

  • -

    Good biocompatibility

  • -

    Non-immunogenic

  • -

    Low disease risk
  • -

    Second surgical site morbidity and complexity

  • -

    Limited amount

  • -

    Too rapid resorption in some cases

  • -

    Low immediate strength

  • -

    Variability

 Mandibular bone
Iliac crest
Allogenic
bone
  • -

    Osteoinductive

  • -

    Osteoconductive

  • -

    Sufficient quantity

  • -

    Ease of use
  • -

    Potential immunogenicity

  • -

    Potential disease transmission

  • -

    Too rapid resorption in some cases

  • -

    Variability

 FDBA, DBA
Xenogeneic
bone
deproteinized
  • -

    Osteoconductive

  • -

    Maintains volume/slow resorption

  • -

    Sufficient quantity

  • -

    Ease of use
  • -

    Non-resorbable—persists, disrupting remodeling; only dental use

  • -

    No organic component, thus lacks osteoinductive growth factors

 Bio-Oss
Cerabone
Xenogeneic
bone
retained ECM
  • -

    Osteoinductive

  • -

    Osteoconductive

  • -

    Sufficient quantity

  • -

    Ease of use
  • -

    Potential immunogenicity

  • -

    Potential disease transmission

  • -

    Too rapid resorption in some cases

 Osteobiol Gen Os
Alloplastic
synthetics/
Bioceramics
  • -

    Osteoconductive

  • -

    No disease risk

  • -

    No immunogenicity risk

  • -

    Tunable resorption

  • -

    Good defect filling
  • -

    No osteoinductive potential via

    organic factors

  • -

    Resorption often unpredictable

 TCP
HA
Bioactive glass
Calcium phosphates
Calcium sulfate
Synthetic
composites
  • -

    Osteoinductive

  • -

    No disease risk
  • -

    High cost

  • -

    Resorption unpredictable

  • -

    Potential side effects

 BMP-2/collagen
PDGF-BB/TCP
Autogenous
dentin
  • -

    Osteoinductive

  • -

    Osteoconductive

  • -

    Good biocompatibility

  • -

    Early mechanical stability

  • -

    Maintains volume/slow

    resorption

  • -

    Non-immunogenic

  • -

    Low disease risk
  • -

    Limited amount

    (for small defects only)

  • -

    Dental procedures only

  • -

    Not always available

    (tooth extraction required)

 Smart Dentin Grinder
Tooth Transformer
Autobon
VacuaSonic auto-FDT
AutoBT

* Not exhaustive. Auto-FDT = autogenous fresh demineralized tooth; AutoBT = autogenous tooth bone graft; BMP-2 = bone morphogenic protein 2; DBA = demineralized bone allograft; FDBA = freeze-dried bone allograft; HA = hydroxyapatite; PDGF-BB = platelet-derived growth factor double-B subunits; TCP = tricalcium phosphate.