Table 1.
Quality assessment of the included cohort studies using Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS).
| Study Name | Representativeness of the Exposed Cohort (★) | Selection of the Non-Exposed Cohort (★) | Ascertainment of Exposure (★) | Demonstration That Outcome of Interest Was Not Present at Start of Study (★) | Comparability of Cohorts on the Basis of the Design or Analysis (max★★) | Assessment of Outcome (★) | Was Follow Up Long Enough for Outcomes to Occur? (★) | Adequacy of Follow Up of Cohorts (★) | Quality Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gentile 2017 [6] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | 0 | ★ | High (8) |
| Indelicato 2021 [24] | ★ | ★ | 0 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 0 | Moderate (6) |
| Indelicato 2014 [9] | ★ | ★ | 0 | 0 | ★★ | 0 | ★ | ★ | Moderate (6) |
| Indelicato 2021 [25] | ★ | ★ | 0 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 0 | Moderate (6) |
| Upadhyay 2022 [26] | ★ | ★ | 0 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 0 | Moderate (6) |
| Orukari 2022 [27] | ★ | ★ | 0 | 0 | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | High (7) |
| Gunther 2015 [13] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | 0 | 0 | ★ | High (7) |
| Vogel 2019 [16] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | 0 | 0 | High (7) |
| Patteson 2021 [28] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ | ★ | 0 | High (8) |
| Tran 2020 [29] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | 0 | ★ | ★ | High (8) |
| Indelicato 2017 [30] | 0 | 0 | ★ | 0 | ★★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | Moderate (6) |
★ indicates a degree for each question if the study aligned with the question and 0 indicates no degree if the study failed to align with the question.