Table 1.

Survey domains and exemplary survey questions

Domain	Sample Survey Questions
Hospital characteristics and pharmacy access	• Is buprenorphine on your hospital’s formulary? • Does your ED have a Pixys Medstation system?
Screening	• Does your ED have a screening protocol (e.g., SBIRT) to identify whether a patient has a substance use disorder? • Is the screening protocol built into the electronic health record system used by the ED? • Which patient populations are screened for SUD?
X-waivered providers and the 72 h rulea	• Does your ED have a protocol to prescribe buprenorphine to patients with opioid use disorder? • Does the ED have physicians, PAs, or APRNs who dispense buprenorphine using the 72-hour rule instead of under an X-waiver? • How many providers in your ED have an X-waiver to prescribe buprenorphine? • Does the ED facilitate a home induction option, where providers with an X-waiver prescribe buprenorphine for patients to take home once their opioid withdrawal is sufficient?
Counseling & education	• Does the ED provide any non-medication interventions for patients with OUD (e.g., counseling, motivational interviewing)? • Are any non-medication interventions required for patients prior to receiving MOUD?
Referrals to community partners	• Is there an existing bridge clinic in or near the hospital that the ED connects patients do? • What are the barriers to making warm handoffs to community providers?
Peer support services	• Does the hospital utilize peer support specialists or coaches in the ED? • When are peer support specialists available?
Social services	• Does the hospital provide social services or referrals to social services for patients with SUD? Who provides these services?
Harm reduction	• Does the hospital provide harm reduction services or referrals to harm reduction services for patients with SUD? Who provides these services? • Does your ED have a Naloxone take home protocol?
Training	• Does your ED have plans to implement stigma reduction training for ED staff? • Does your ED have plans to implement a racial equity training for ED staff?

^aThe X-waiver requirement was removed while the survey was being fielded