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. 2024 Nov 7;16(1):2424911. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2424911

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Identification of key players in gut progesterone metabolism and their corresponding genes in the gut microbiota of patient 1. (a) Time-course progesterone utilization, microbial metabolite production, and progestogenic activities in fecal cultures. (b) Relative progestogenic activities (%) of individual progestogens. The progestogenic activity was determined through the yeast progesterone assay. (c) Inhibition of Clostridium growth and progesterone metabolism by two Clostridium-specific antibiotics (see Figure S1C for the effects of individual antibiotics on progesterone metabolism). Data are expressed as mean ± standard error for three independent experiments. Statistical results were calculated with unpaired nonparametric t-test; *p < 0.05. (d) Progesterone metabolism products and the characterized progesterone metabolism enzymes of C. innocuum.