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. 2024 Oct 29;13(21):1789. doi: 10.3390/cells13211789

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mitochondrial ROS production and the effects on virus infection. (A) Virus attachment triggers ROS generation. (B) ROS favors further virus binding to neighboring cells (bystander effect), which may lead to apoptotic cell death. (C) Direct interaction of viral proteins with mitochondrial components induces ROS production, leading to apoptotic cell death, alterations in lipids metabolism, activation of innate immunity, and the inflammatory response. DENV: dengue virus; LCMV: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; KSHV: Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; MDV: Marek´s disease virus; EBV: Epstein–Barr virus; RSV: respiratory syncytial virus; IAV: influenza A virus; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA.