Table 2.

Mechanisms involved in the virus-induced shift towards aerobic glycolysis.

Virus	Mechanism	References
HCMV	Downregulation of GLUT1 Upregulation of GLUT4 and glycolytic intermediates. Increase in lactate production Involvement of AMPK pathway	[97,98,99,100,101]
SARS-CoV2	Induction and activation of HIF-1α Enhanced aerobic glycolysis	[82]
EBV	Upregulation of GLUT1, lactate dehydrogenase A, and PDK-1 LMP-1-induced expression of HIF-1α	[104,105,106]
KSHV	Induction and activation of HIF-1α Upregulation of GLUT3 and hexokinase II	[94]
NDV	Degradation of SIRT3	[108,109]
WSSV	Increased expression of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and AMPK Induction and activation of HIF-1α	[110,111,112]

GLUT: glucose transporter; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; PDK-1: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; LMP-1: latent membrane protein 1; SIRT3: sirtuin 3; HCMV: human cytomegalovirus; EBV: Epstein–Barr virus; KSHV: Kaposi´s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; NDV: Newcastle disease virus; WSSV: white spot syndrome virus.