Table 11.

Regulatory and monitoring approaches.

Approach	Principle	Implementation	Challenges
Regulatory Guidelines and Standards	Regulatory guidelines establish permissible mycotoxin levels in food and feed to safeguard public health.	International bodies like Codex Alimentarius set global mycotoxin limits, while national authorities establish regulations based on these guidelines [115].	Ensuring compliance with regulations requires robust enforcement mechanisms and regular updates to guidelines based on new scientific data. Regulation variation between countries can also complicate international trade and food safety efforts.
Food Safety Monitoring	Monitoring involves regularly testing food and feed samples to detect and quantify mycotoxin contamination [116].	Food safety authorities monitor mycotoxin levels using analytical techniques and surveillance programs targeting high-risk products and regions.	Effective monitoring requires access to reliable and sensitive analytical methods and resources for sample collection and testing. Ensuring consistent testing quality and managing large volumes of samples can be resource-intensive.
Enforcement and Compliance	Enforcement ensures compliance with mycotoxin regulations and prompts corrective actions for contamination [117].	Regulatory authorities inspect and enforce mycotoxin standards, with non-compliance leading to fines, recalls, or closures.	Effective enforcement requires coordination and adequate resources to ensure compliance among all stakeholders, especially in regions with limited infrastructure.