Table 1.

Studies investigating the association between the social environment and cardiovascular outcomes. CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; CMS: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; SVI: Social Vulnerability Index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure; IHD: ischemic heart disease; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation

STUDY	STUDY PLACE/YEAR	DATABASE UTILIZED	INDEX	ASSOCIATION WITHIN THE CARDIOVASCULAR EXPOSOME
The Association Between Neighborhood Social Vulnerability and Cardiovascular Health Risk Among Black/African American Women in the InterGEN Study	USA/2021	InterGEN Study, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	Neighborhood social vulnerability and increased cardiovascular risk factor prevalence among Black women
Neighborhood-level Social Vulnerability and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease	USA/2023	CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System database (BRFSS), CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and increased cardiovascular risk factors and prevalence of coronary heart disease
Impact of Social Vulnerability on Comorbid Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in the United States	USA/2022	CDC WONDER, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	Social vulnerability and increased mortality attributed to comorbid cancer and CVD
Impact of the Social Vulnerability Index on Pulmonary Embolism Mortality	USA/2023	CDC WONDER, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and disproportionate patterns of pulmonary embolism-related mortality in US counties
Impact of social vulnerability on comorbid COVID-19 and acute myocardial infarction mortality in the United States	USA/2023	CDC WONDER, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and increased comorbid COVID-19 and AMI mortality
Mortality trends, disparities, and social vulnerability in cardiac arrest mortality in the young: A cross-sectional analysis	USA/2024	CDC WONDER, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and worse cardiac arrest outcomes in the young
Association Between Social Vulnerability Index and Cardiovascular Disease: A Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Study	USA/2022	CDC BRFSS, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and greater self-reported prevalent cardiovascular comorbidities and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Social Vulnerability and Premature Cardiovascular Mortality Among US Counties, 2014 to 2018	USA/2021	CDC WONDER, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and increased premature CVD mortality across US counties
Social Vulnerability and Cardiovascular-Related Mortality Among Older Adults in the United States	USA/2024	CDC WONDER, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and greater CVD-related mortality in older adults
Social Vulnerability and Location of Death in Heart Failure in the United States	USA/2023	CDC WONDER, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and disparities in trends in location of death in patients with HF
Impact of Social Vulnerability and Demographics on Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality in the United States	USA/2023	CDC WONDER, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	SVI and disparities in IHD mortality
Development and Validation of the American Heart Association’s PREVENT Equations	USA/2024	The Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium	Predicting Risk of CVD EVENTs (PREVENT) score, SDI	Risk estimation of total CVD for US adults 30 to 79 years of age without CVD at baseline
County-level variation in healthcare coverage and ischemic heart disease mortality	USA/2024	CDC WONDER, CDC PLACES	Healthcare coverage deficiency	Healthcare coverage deficiency and increased IHD mortality from IHD
Association of Environmental Injustice and Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors in the United States	USA/2024	CDC PLACES, CDC/ATSDR	Environmental Justice Index	Environmental injustice and increased prevalence of CVD risk factors
Historical neighborhood redlining and bystander CPR disparities in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest	USA/2024	Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES)	Redlining	Historical redlining and reduced bystander CPR
Influence of social vulnerability index on Medicare beneficiaries’ expenditures upon discharge	USA/2024	CMS database, CDC/ATSDR	SVI	Social vulnerability and greater healthcare costs among Medicare beneficiaries