Table 3.

Studies investigating the association between the built environment and cardiovascular outcomes.

STUDY	STUDY PLACE/YEAR	DATABASE UTILIZED	INDEX	ASSOCIATION WITHIN THE CARDIOVASCULAR EXPOSOME
Favorable Neighborhood Walkability is Associated With Lower Burden of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Patients Within an Integrated Health System: The Houston Methodist Learning Health System Outpatient Registry	USA/2023	Houston Methodist Learning Health System Outpatient Registry	Walkability	Reduced neighborhood walkability and increased cardiovascular risk factors
Interaction between neighborhood walkability and traffic-related air pollution on hypertension and diabetes: The CANHEART cohort	Canada/2019	CANHEART cohort	Walkability	Reduced walkability and increased traffic-related air pollution and greater cardiovascular risk factor prevalence
Greenspace seems protective of both high and low blood pressure among residents of an Alpine valley	Austria/2018	Environmental Health Impact Assessment	Greenspace	Residential greenspace and disparities in abnormal blood pressures
Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomized controlled trial	Spain/2022	CORDIOPREV	Mediterranean diet, low-fat diet	Effectiveness of the Mediterranean and low-fat diet on secondary cardiovascular prevention
Food Insecurity Is Associated With Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Among Adults in the United States	USA/2020	US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey	Food insecurity	Adult food insecurity and worse cardiovascular disease outcomes
Food Environment Quality and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in the United States: a County-Level Analysis from 2017 to 2019	USA/2024	CDC WONDER, County Health Rankings compilation	Food environment index	Food environment quality and greater cardiovascular mortality burden