Table 2.
Characteristics of the 20 full-text studies; number and age of participants, and conducted tests.
| Author | Number of Participants (Women) | Mean Age (Range) | Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grushka et al. 1987 [43] | BMS: 40 (NA) Control—no oral burning: 23 (NA) |
NA | QST |
| Svensson et al. 1993 [45] | BMS:23 (22) | 64 (50–87) | QST |
| HC: 23 (21) | 68 (46–81) | ||
| Ito et al., 2002 [46] | BMS:20 (20) | 52 (43–64) | QST |
| HC: 20 (20) | 49 (35–59 | ||
| Lauria et al., 2005 [16] | BMS: 12 (11) HC: 9 (NA) |
NA | Biopsy |
| Yilmaz et al., 2007 [17] | BMS: 10 (5) | 62 (48–82) | Biopsy |
| Control—patients attending for wisdom tooth removal: 10 (4) | 40 (16–79) | ||
| Beneng et al., 2010 [47] | BMS: 9 (6) | 62.4 (NA)/ | Biopsy |
| Control—patients attending for wisdom tooth removal: 10 (4) | 40.8 (NA) | ||
| Beneng et al., 2010 [48] | BMS: 7 (5) | 62 (48–82) | Biopsy |
| HC: 10 (4) | 40 (16–79) | ||
| Just et al., 2010 [49] | BMS: 13 (9) | 62 (41–71) | Capsaicin Strips |
| HC: 28 (18) | 51 (41–63) | ||
| Penza et al., 2010 [50] | BMS: 38 (33) | 65.6 (NA) | Biopsy |
| Pain in the tip syndrome: 13 (11) | 62 (NA) | ||
| HC: 9 (NA) | NA (NA) | ||
| Kaplan et al., 2011 [51] | BMS: 26 (NA) HC: 43 (NA) |
NA | QST |
| Mendak et al., 2012 [52] | BMS: 33 (27) | 61.5 (41–82) | BR |
| HC: 30 (22) | 60.5 (42–83) | ||
| Borsani et al., 2014 [53] | BMS: 8 (8) HC: 8 (8) |
67.5 (54–85) | Biopsy |
| Mo et al., 2015 [54] | BMS: 25 (17) | 49.5 (NA) | QST |
| HC: 19 (NA) | 47.7 (NA) | ||
| Shinoda et al., 2015 [55] | BMS: 9 (9) | 71.6 (58–80) | Artemin mRNA expression |
| HC: 9 (5) | 75.0 (51–85) | ||
| Puhakka et al., 2016 [40] | BMS: 10 (10) | 67.9 (60–77.5) | QST, BR Biopsy |
| HC: 10 (10) | 67.4 (58.4–75.9) | ||
| Cadaver control: 13 (13) | 64.5 (55.0–72.0) | ||
| Cadaver control with diabetes: 6 (6) | 68.8 (59.0–78.0) | ||
| Yilmaz et al., 2016 [56] | BMS: 22 (14) | 57.8 (29–83) | QST |
| HC: 17 (11) | 46.88 (30–79) | ||
| Hartmann et al., 2017 [57] | BMS: 5 (4) | 51.8 (37–70) | QST |
| HC: 8 (8) | 56.9 (37–69) | ||
| O’ Neil et al., 2018 [58] | BMS: 17 (15) | 61.7 (18–85) | CCM |
| HC: 14 (7) | 59.3 (18–85) | ||
| Kolkka et al., 2019 [59] | BMS: 45 (43) | 63.8 (45–82) | QST BR |
| HC: 32 (30) | 64.8 (48–84) | ||
| Domaneschi et al., 2023 [46] | BMS: 12 (12) | 61.4 (48–71) | Biopsy |
| Control (healthy borders of benign tongue lesion): 5 (4) | 63.4 (48–80) |
Abbreviations: BMS: burning mouth syndrome; BR: blink reflex; HC: healthy control; QST: quantitative sensory testing; CCM: corneal confocal microscopy; NA: not available.