Figure 1.

APP processing in normal physiological state and disease condition. In the amyloidogenic pathway, APP undergoes processing by β-secretase, leading to the release of sAPPβ and the formation of a membrane-bound fragment, which is then cleaved by γ-secretase, resulting in the production of Aβ and AICD. Conversely, in the non-amyloidogenic pathway, APP is cleaved by α-secretase, yielding sAPPα and a membrane-bound fragment, and subsequent cleavage by γ-secretase results in the generation of p3 and AICD.