Table 1.
Studies included in the systematic review.
| Author | Year | Age (Years) | Sex | Etiology | Imaging | Complication | Surgery | Treatment | Culture |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adnani et al. [7] | 2023 | 8 | F | ARS | ce-CT | PSC | NA | NA | NA |
| Allfather et al. [8] | 2017 | 7 | F | FARS | ce-CT | EDA | ESS, CRA | MER, VAN | Staphylococcus, Fusobacterium |
| AlMoosa et al. [9] | 2016 | 9 | F | T | ce-CT, ce-MRI | None | ESS, CRA | empirical: CLI, CEF; AC: VOR | Aspergillus Fumigatus |
| Amstrup et al. [10] | 2023 | 9 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | SSST, EDA | None | CEF, MET | S. anginosus |
| Arnold et al. [11] | 2009 | 10 | M | T | CT | EDA | EXD, CRE | CEF, VAN, MET | S. intermedius |
| Arora et al. [12] | 2014 | 14 | M | FARS | ce-CT | None | EXD | CEF, CLI | NA |
| Avcu et al. [13] | 2015 | 12 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | PSC | EXD, ESS | CEF, VAN, MET | NA |
| Bağdatoğlu et al. [14] | 2001 | 18 | M | ARS | ce-CT | EDA, SDA | CRA | empirical: IM gentamycin AC: VAN, RIF, MET |
STE |
| Bambakidis et al. [15] | 2001 | 11 | M | ARS | CT, only 2 pts MRI | SDA, OA | CRA | BSATB |
Fusobacterium, S. pneumoniae |
| 11 | M | ARS | EDA, SDA | CRA | BSATB | S. milleri | |||
| 16 | M | ARS | SDA | EXD, CRA | BSATB | Klebsiella sp., Peptostreptococcus | |||
| 18 | M | ARS | EDA | EXD, CRA | BSATB | S. microaerophilic | |||
| 15 | M | ARS | EDA | CRA | BSATB | Peptostreptococcus | |||
| 14 | M | ARS | EDA | CRA | BSATB | S. viridans | |||
| 11 | F | ARS | EDA, SDA, BA | CRA | BSATB | S. pyogenes | |||
| Behbahani et al. [3] | 2020 | 7 | M | ARS | ce-CT or ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRA | CEF | S. pyogenes, Corynebacterium, Pseudodiphtheriticum |
| 13 | M | ARS | SDA | ESS, CRA | CEF, MET | S. anginosus | |||
| 14 | M | ARS | EDA | ESS, CRA | CEF, MET | S. intermedius | |||
| 6 | M | ARS | EDA | ESS, CRA | CEF | S. pyogenes | |||
| 12 | M | ARS | EDA, SDA | ESS, CRA | CEF, CLI | S. anginosus | |||
| 14 | M | ARS | CER | ESS, CRA | CEF, MET | S. anginosus, S. intermedius, Staph. epidermidis | |||
| 13 | M | ARS | EDA | ESS, CRA | CEF, MET | S. intermedius | |||
| 10 | F | ARS | EDA, CER | ESS, CRA | CEF, MET | S. intermedius | |||
| 11 | M | ARS | EDA | ESS | CEF, MET |
Staph epidermidis, Propionibacterium, Avidum Diphtheroids |
|||
| 5 | M | ARS | CER | ESS | CEF, MET | S. pyogenes | |||
| 5 | F | ARS | EDA, MEN | ESS | CEF, MET | S. intermedius | |||
| 12 | M | ARS | SDA | ESS, CRA | CEF, MET | S, intermedius, Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis | |||
| Belharti et al. [16] | 2023 | 15 | M | FARS | ce-CT | EDA | NA | NA | NA |
| Bhalla et al. [17] | 2016 | 5 | M | ARS | ce-CT | subperiosteal OA, EDA | ESS | CEF, CLI, MET | NA |
| Blackman et al. [18] | 2005 | 9 | M | ARS | ce-CT | OC | EXD | CEF, VAN, MET | Staph. saccharolyticus |
| Blumfield et al. [19] | 2011 | 9–16 | 8M 1F |
ARS | 8 ce-CT, 1 ce-MRI | 2 SSST 6 EDA 1 SDA |
3: EXD, ESS, CRA 2: ESS, 2: EXD, CRE 1: none, 1: transferred to another hospital |
BSATB |
S. milleri, S. pneumonia, S. group F, Staph. aureus |
| Butskiy et al. [20] | 2017 | 10 | M | ARS | ce-CT | None | EXD | CEF, CLI | S. intermedius |
| Cannon et al. [21] | 2017 | 5 | M | ARS | ce-MRI | None | EXD | NA | S. anginosus |
| Cheng et al. [22] | 2009 | 32 months | M | SEP | ce-CT | SSST | EXD | CLI | Staph. aureus |
| Costa et al. [23] | 2020 | 13 | M | ARS | ce-CT | BA, OA | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF, VAN, MET | NA |
| Davidson et al. [24] | 2006 | 14 | F | ARS | ce-CT | EDA, fistula | CRE | NA | NA |
| Dayan et al. [25] | 2020 | 4 | F | ARS | ce-CT | None | EXD | BSATB | NA |
| Durur-Subasi et al. [26] | 2008 | 14 | F | ARS | ce-CT | EDA, BA | EXD | NA | NA |
| Faridi et al. [27] | 2022 | 4 | F | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | CER | EXD | CEF, VAN | NA |
| Feder et al. [28] | 1987 | 6 | F | ARS | X-ray, ce-CT | None | ESS | empirical: cefuroxime and gentamicin; AC: CLI |
Peptostreptococcus, Bacteroides melaninogenicus |
| 12 | F | ARS | ce-CT | EDA | ESS, CRA | empirical: CLI AC: penicillin |
Alpha Hemolytic S. | ||
| Forgie et al. [29] | 2008 | 16 | M | ARS | NA | None | EXD | BSATB | NA |
| Fu B. [30] | 2010 | 16 | M | FARS | ce-CT | None | EXD | BSATB | NA |
| Fullerton et al. [31] | 2016 | 11 | M | FARS | ce-MRI | EDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF | S. pyogenes |
| Gildener-Leapman et al. [32] | 2012 | 5 | M | FARS | ce-CT | EDA, SDA, CER | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF, VAN, MET | S. intermedius |
| Gozgec et al. [33] | 2022 | 15 | M | ARS | ce-CT | OC | EXD | BSATB | NA |
| Guillén et al. [34] | 2001 | 12 | F | ARS | ce-CT | OC, EDA, SDA | CRA | CEF, VAN, MET | NA |
| Gupta et al. [35] | 2004 | 3 | M | FARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRA | CEF, MET, cloxacillin | STE |
| Haider et al. [36] | 2012 | 14 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | MEN, SDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | MER, MET | F. necrophorum |
| Hassan et al. [37] | 2020 | 15 | M | T | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | EXD, ESS | empirical: VAN, AMPS AC: CEF, MET |
F. nucleatum |
| Hayek et al. [38] | 2007 | 9 | M | ARS | ce-CT | PSC | EXD, ESS | AMPS, then CEF | NA |
| Heale et al. [39] | 2015 | 5 | F | NA | ce-CT | PSC, EDA | EXD, CRA | CEF, ET | S. anginosus |
| Hicks et al. [40] | 2011 | NA | NA | ARS | ce-CT, MRI | EDA, OC | ESS | BSATB | S. milleri |
| NA | NA | ARS | ce-CT, MRI | EDA. SDA, SSST | EXD, ESS | BSATB | S. milleri | ||
| NA | NA | ARS | ce-CT | SDA | ESS, CRA | BSATB | S. milleri | ||
| NA | NA | ARS | ce-CT, MRI | EDA, SDA | ESS, CRA | BSATB | Cutibacterium acnes | ||
| NA | NA | ARS | ce-CT, MRI | SDA | EXD, ESS | BSATB | NA | ||
| NA | NA | ARS | ce-CT | BA | CRA | BSATB | S. milleri | ||
| Hitti et al. [41] | 2010 | 6 | F | ARS | ce-CT | EDA | ESS, CRE | empirical: CEF, VAN, MET AC: AMPS |
S. pyogenes |
| Holder et al. [42] | 1991 | 17 | M | ARS | X-ray, ce-CT | BA | ESS | empirical: ceftazidime and MET AC: ceftazidime, MET, penicillin, chloramphenicol |
Non-hemolytic S. |
| Hore et al. [43] | 2000 | 12 | F | ARS | CT | None | EXD, ESS | CEF, MET | S. milleri |
| Huijssoon et al. [44] | 2003 | 8 | M | ARS | ce-CT | OC | EXD | BSATB | S. milleri |
| Ikoma et al. [45] | 2020 | 12 | M | FARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA, PNC | EXD, CRA | MER, VAN then CEF, MET | S. constellatus |
| Is et al. [46] | 2007 | 11 | F | NA | ce-CT | EDA | EXD | AMP, CEF, MET | Peptostreptococcus, Veillonella, E. Coli |
| Jafri et al. [47] | 2015 | 11 | F | ARS | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, CRA | AMO | S. intermedius |
| Joo et al. [48] | 2019 | 7 | F | FARS | ce-CT | OC | EXD | AMPS | NA |
| Kalkan et al. [49] | 2017 | 14 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRA | BSATB | STE |
| Karadaghy et al. [50] | 2022 | 23 months | M | ARS | ce-CT | PSC | EXD, ESS | AMPS, then LEV | S. intermedius, Granulicatella adiacens |
| Karaman et al. [51] | 2008 | 7 | F | ARS | ce-CT | None | EXD, ESS | AMPS | S. milleri |
| Ketenci et al. [52] | 2011 | 12 | F | ARS | ce-CT | SDA, BA | EXD, ESS, CRA | AMPS, VAN, MET | Peptostreptococcus |
| 13 | M | ARS | ce-CT | SDA, BA | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF, AMPS, MET | S. pyogenes | ||
| Khan et al. [53] | 2006 | 10 | F | MAS | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, CRA, Cortical Mastoidectomy | CEF, CLI | STE |
| Kim et al. [54] | 2012 | 18 | M | ARS | ce-MRI | EDA, SDA | EXD, CRA | AMO, then VAN, ceftazidime, MET | STE |
| Klivitsky et al. [55] | 2023 | 11 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | PSC, SSST, CST | EXT, CRA | CEF and MET | S. pneumoniae |
| 9 | F | ARS | CT, MRI | None | EXD | CEF and CLI | Negative | ||
| 12 | F | ARS | ce-CT, MRI | EDA, SSST | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF and MET | S. constellatus | ||
| 14 | M | ARS | CT, ce-CT, MRI | EDA, BA | ESS | CEF and MET | S. intermedius | ||
| 15 | M | ARS | CT, ce-CT, MRI | EDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF and MET | STE | ||
| 13 | M | ARS | CT, ce-CT, MRI | EDA | ESS | CEF and MET | Prevotella | ||
| 17 | F | ARS | CT | None | ESS | CEF and CLI | S. pneumoniae | ||
| 14 | M | ARS | CT, MRI | EDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF and MET | STE | ||
| 10 | F | ARS | CT | EDA | EXD | CEF and MET | STE | ||
| 9 | M | ARS | CT | PSC | EXXD | cefuroxime and MET | Staph. aureus | ||
| Kombogiorgas et al. [2] | 2006 | 11 | M | ARS | ce-MRI | EDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF, MET | STE |
| Kuhar et al. [56] | 2023 | 3 | F | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | OC, EDA, SSST | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF | S. intermedius |
| Kühn et al. [57] | 2022 | 6 | M | FARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | SDA, MEN, CER | ESS, CRA | cefotaxime, CLI | S. intermedius |
| 17 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS | CEF | NA | ||
| 9 | F | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRA | cefotaxime, CLI | S. intermedius | ||
| Lang et al. [58] | 2001 | 14 | F | FARS | ce-CT | SDA, SSST | EXD, CRA | cephalosporin, MET | STE |
| 15 | F | ARS | ce-CT | SDA, SSST | EXD, CRA | cephalosporin, MET | S. pyogenes | ||
| 12 | F | ARS | ce-CT | EDA, SDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | cephalosporin, MET | H. influenzae | ||
| Lauria et al. [59] | 2014 | 14 | M | FARS | ce-CT | None | EXD, ESS | VAN, MET, ceftazidime, then AMPS | S. constellatus |
| Ling et al. [60] | 2021 | 9 | M | ARS | ce-RM | EDA | NA | BSATB | NA |
| Linton et al. [61] | 2019 | 16 | M | T | ce-CT | OA | EXD, ESS | AMOC MET | STE |
| Liu et al. [62] | 2015 | 10 | F | ARS | ce-CT | EDA | ESS, CRA | MER, then cephalexin | Alpha Hemolytic S. |
| Maheshwar et al. [63] | 2001 | 14 | M | T | ce-CT | None | ESS | AMOC, then flucloxacillin, fusidic acid, MET, RIF | S. intermedius |
| Marzuillo et al. [64] | 2017 | 9 | F | ARS | ce-CT | Fistula | NA | AMOC | NA |
| McGee et al. [65] | 2022 | NA | M | ARS | ce-CT | None | EXD, ESS | CEF, MET | Staph. aureus |
| Morley et al. [66] | 2009 | 7 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | CRA | benzylpenicillin, flucloxacillin then CLI | NA |
| Moser et al. [67] | 2009 | 14 | F | ARS | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, ESS | CEF | STE |
| Moses et al. [68] | 2018 | 15 | M | FB | ce-CT | SDA | ESS, CRA | empirical: TAZO AC: MER, MET |
F. necrophorum |
| Nastovska et al. [69] | 2017 | 15 | M | FARS | ce-MRI | None | ESS, CRA | benzylpenicillin | S. anginosus |
| Nicoli et al. [70] | 2014 | 13 | M | FARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRA | BSATB | S. intermedius |
| Nourkami-Tutdibi et al. [71] | 2020 | 6 | M | FARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | CRA | sultamicillin, then cefotaxime, CLI | S. intermedius |
| Olmaz et al. [72] | 2019 | 12 | M | ARS | CT- ce-MRI | EDA | CRA | CEF, VAN, MET | NA |
| Onesimo et al. [73] | 2011 | 8 | F | ARS | ce-MRI | EDA | NA | NA | S. intermedius |
| Özkaya Parlakay et al. [74] | 2012 | 13 | M | ARS | ce-CT | None | None | cefotaxime and VAN | NA |
| Öztürk et al. [75] | 2020 | 15 | M | FARS | ce-CT | None | NA | CEF and teicoplanin | NA |
| Palabiyik et al. [76] | 2016 | 18 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | PSC | ESS | AMPS, MET, or CEF | 1 E. Coli, 1 S. Epidermidis, 6 STE |
| 17 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | None | ESS | ||||
| 9 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | EXD, CRA | ||||
| 11 | F | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRA | ||||
| 7 | M | T | ce-CT, ce-MRI | None | ESS | ||||
| 17 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | None | EXD | ||||
| Palacios-García et al. [77] | 2019 | 15 | M | ARS | ce-CT | None | EXD, ESS | empirical: CLI AC: LEV |
S. intermedius |
| Parida et al. [78] | 2012 | 10 | M | ARS | ce-CT | PSC | EXD, ESS | BSATB | Staph. aureus |
| 15 | F | CRS | ce-CT | None | EXD, ESS | BSATB | STE | ||
| 9 | F | ARS | ce-CT | None | ESS | BSATB | STE | ||
| 11 | M | T | ce-CT | None | EXD | BSATB | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ||
| 13 | M | ARS | ce-CT | None | ESS | BSATB | STE | ||
| Patel et al. [79] | 2021 | 13 | M | SD | ce-CT | MEN | ESS | CEF, VAN, MET | NA |
| Patel et al. [80] | 2011 | 11 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | fistula, MEN | EXD, CRE | empirical: AMOC AC: MER, amphotericin B, then fluconazole |
Candida parapsilosis |
| Pender [81] | 1990 | 13 | M | ARS | CT | None | ESS | oxacillin and ampicillin | Staph. aureus, S-viridans |
| 17 | M | I | CT | EDA and OA | ESS | cefuroxime and MET | Coagulase neg Staph. | ||
| Podolsky-Gondim et al. [82] | 2018 | 14 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | EXD, CRA | CEF, oxacillin, MET | Peptostreptococcus |
| Przybysz et al. [83] | 2018 | 8 | F | ARS | CT | None | NA | NA | NA |
| Queen et al. [84] | 2001 | 14 | M | ARS | CT, MRI | SDA | EXD, ESS, CRE | BSATB | NA |
| Reddan et al. [85] | 2018 | 6 | M | ARS | CT | None | ESS | NA | NA |
| Rogers [86] | 1949 | 11 | M | NA | NA | NA | EXD, CRE | NA | B. Alkaligenes faecalis |
| 16 | M | NA | NA | NA | EXD, CRE | NA | STE | ||
| Rogo et al. [87] | 2013 | 5 | F | ARS | CT | EDA | None | MER and VAN | NA |
| Russ et al. [88] | 2022 | 11 | M | I | ce-CT | EDA | ESS, CRA | CEF, VAN, MET | S. anginosus |
| Sabatiello et al. [89] | 2010 | 15 | M | ARS | ce-CT | SDA, BA | NA | cefotaxime, CLI | Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium |
| Sade et al. [90] | 2016 | 12 | M | FARS | ce-MRI | BA | NA | NA | NA |
| Salomão et al. [91] | 2014 | 11 | F | CRS | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, CRA | BSATB | STE |
| 9 | M | CRS | ce-CT | EDA | None | BSATB | S. aureus | ||
| 14 | M | FARS | ce-CT | EDA, SDA | EXD, CRA | BSATB | S. pyogenes | ||
| 12 | M | T | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, CRA | BSATB | S. pyogenes | ||
| 12 | M | CRS | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, CRA | BSATB | STE | ||
| 13 | M | T | ce-CT | EDA, fistula | EXD, CRA | BSATB | STE | ||
| Sharma et al. [4] | 2017 | 8 | F | FARS | CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRA | BSATB | S. intermedius |
| Shehu et al. [92] | 2008 | 10 | F | ARS | CT | SDA | EXD, CRA | BSATB | NA |
| Shemesh et al. [93] | 2015 | 11 | M | NA | ce-CT | None | NA | NA | NA |
| Sheth et al. [94] | 2018 | 15 | M | FB | ce-CT | SDA | ESS, CRA | empirical: CEF, VAN, TAZO AC: MER, MET |
F. necrophorum |
| 17 | M | FARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | SDA, SSST | CRA | CEF, CLI, VAN | F. necrophorum | ||
| 14 | M | ARS | ce-CT | EDA, PNC, CER | CRA | CEF, VAN, MET | F. necrophorum, S. constellatum | ||
| Silva et al. [95] | 2022 | 16 | F | ARS | CT, ce-MRI | SDA, BA | CRA | CEF, MET | None |
| Stark et al. [96] | 2016 | 14 | M | FARS | ce-CT | None | EXD, ESS | empirical: flucloxacillin AC: CLI, RIF |
Staph. aureus |
| Stoddard et al. [97] | 2019 | 13 | M | FARS | ce-MRI | EDA | CRA | CEF, VAN, MET | Staph. aureus |
| Strony et al. [98] | 2007 | 4 | M | ARS | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, CRA | CEF, VAN, MET | S. viridans |
| Sugiyama et al. [99] | 2016 | 17 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA, PNC | EXD, ESS | CEF, MET | Peptostreptococcus, Collinsella aerofaciens, Staph. lugdunensis |
| Suwan et al. [100] | 2012 | 8 | F | ARS | CT | EDA | EXD, ESS, CRE | VAN, cefotaxime, MET, then AMPS | S. constellatus, F. necrophorum |
| Tibesar et al. [101] | 2021 | 15 | M | ARS | ce-CT | PSC | EXD, ESS | CEF, VAN, MET | S. intermedius |
| Tsai et al. [102] | 2010 | 14 | M | ARS | ce-CT | SSST | EXD, ESS, CRA | BSATB | F. nucleatum |
| 13 | M | T | ce-CT | SDA, BA | CRA | BSATB | Veillonella sp., Peptostreptococcus micros, F. nucleatum, S. viridans, Eikenella corrodens | ||
| 15 | M | CRS | ce-CT | SDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | BSATB | Peptostreptococcus micros; Coagulase neg Staph. | ||
| 12 | M | CRS | ce-CT | SDA | ESS, CRA | BSATB | Coagulase neg Staph., Prevotella sp. | ||
| 9 | F | AP | ce-CT | SDA | CRE, fistula repair | BSATB | P. aeruginosa | ||
| 13 | M | ARS | ce-CT | EDA, PNC, SDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF, VAN, then penicillin G | S. constellatus, Beta-hemolytic non-group A streptococci | ||
| Tudor et al. [103] | 1981 | 16 | M | T | CT | EDA | EXD, CRA | nafcillin, gentamicin, then AMO | NA |
| Urík et al. [104] | 2015 | 6 | M | ARS | ce-CT | EDA, MEN | EXD | CEF, CLI, oral ketoconazole | STE |
| Vadiee et al. [105] | 2023 | 12 | F | IB | CT, ce-MRI | EDA | CRA | ceftazidime, VAN, MET | Polybacterial |
| van der Poel et al. [106] | 2016 | 7 | F | T | ce-CT, ce-MRI | SDA, SSST | ESS, CRE | penicillin | S. intermedius |
| 10 | F | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | None | ESS | AMOC | Commensale flora | ||
| 12 | F | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRE | AMOC, then penicillin, MET | S. constellatus | ||
| 13 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | None | None | AMOC | Streptococcus | ||
| 17 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRE | penicillin, MET | S. intermedius | ||
| Vanderveken et al. [107] | 2012 | 5 | M | ARS | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, CRA | AMOC | STE |
| Vaphiades et al. [108] | 2023 | 10 | M | ARS | ce-MRI | EDA, SSST, MEN | EXD, CRA | BSATB | NA |
| Verma et al. [109] | 2021 | 14 | M | ARS | ce-CT | EDA | EXD, ESS, CRA | CEF | Streptococcus |
| Verma et al. [110] | 2018 | 15 | M | ARS | ce-CT | None | ESS | CEF, VAN, MET | NA |
| 12 | M | AFRS | CT | EDA | ESS | itraconazole | NA | ||
| 12 | F | ARS | CT | None | ESS | BSATB | STE | ||
| Weinberg et al. [111] | 2005 | 11 | F | ARS | ce-CT | None | ESS | cefotaxime, VAN, MET | Group C Beta Streptococcus |
| Wu et al. [112] | 2009 | 12 | F | AP | ce-CT | None | EXD | ceftazidime and gentamicin | P. aeruginosa |
| Our case | 2024 | 12 | M | ARS | ce-CT, ce-MRI | EDA | ESS, CRA | ceftazidime, VAN, MET | S. intermedius |
Abbreviations: AC = after culture; AFRS = allergic fungal rhinosinusitis; AMO = amoxicillin; AMOC = amoxicillin/clavulanate; AMP = ampicillin; AMPS = ampicillin/sulbactam; AP = acupuncture; ARS = acute pansinusitis; BA = brain abscess; BSATB = IV broad-spectrum antibiotics; ce-CT = contrast-enhanced computed tomography; ce-MRI = contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; CEF = ceftriaxon; CER = cerebritis; CLI = clindamycin; CRA = craniotomy; CRE = craniectomy; CRS = chronic rhinosinusitis; CST = cavernous sinus thrombosis; EDA = epidural abscess; ESS = Endoscopic Sinus Surgery; EXD = external drainage; F = female; FARS = frontal acute rhinosinusitis; FB = foreign body; FR = full recovery; I = influenza; IB = insect bite; LEV = levofloxacin; M = male; MAS = mastoiditis; MEN = meningitis; MER = meropenem; MET = metronidazole; NA = not available; OA = orbital abscess; OC = orbital cellulitis; PNC = pneumocephalus; PSC = preseptal cellulitis; RIF = rifampicin; S = streptococcus; SEP = septicemia; SD = scuba diving; SDA = subdural abscess; SSST = superior sagittal sinus thrombosis; Staph = staphylococcus; STE = sterile; T = trauma; TAZO = piperacillin/tazobactam; VAN = vancomycin; VOR = voriconazole.