Table 6.

Most notable preclinical studies exploring possible novel treatments for thyroid eye disease.

Drug	Mechanism of Action	Results	References
VRDN-002	Antibody targeting IGF-R1	Safely administered to primates intravenously and subcutaneously with increased half-life compared to VRDN-001	[129,130]
VRDN-003	Antibody Targeting IGF-R1	Safely administered to primates intravenously and subcutaneously with increased half-life compared to VRDN-001	[131,132]
S37A	Small molecule that interferes with signal transduction of TSHR	Can inhibit TSHR signaling in the presence of its ligand TSH	[147]
ANTAG3 and Lisitinib	Antibody targeting both TSHR and IGF-R1	A synergistic effect of the drug combination was seen in GO fibroblasts	[148]