Table 1.
Characteristics of study groups. Abbreviations; Aβ—Amyloid-β, ACE—Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination, AD—Alzheimer’s disease, ALAT—Alanine transaminase, Con—Healthy control, CRP—C-reactive protein, CSF–Cerebrospinal fluid, FAQ—Functional Activities Questionnaire, GFAP—Glial fibrillary protein, HDL—High-density lipoprotein, LDH—Lactate dehydrogenase, LDL—Low-density lipoprotein, MMSE—Mini-Mental State Examination, Nf-L—Neurofilament light, p-tau—Phospho-tau, SD—Standard deviation, t-tau—Total-tau.
| Con (n = 25) | AD (n = 25) | p-Value | Reference Interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age [years] | 66.6 (1.3) | 75.7 (8.2) | 0.00001 | - |
| Male/female [n] | 16/9 | 15/10 | - | - |
| Ethnicity | Caucasian | Caucasian | - | - |
| Biochemical characteristics | ||||
| ALAT [U/L] | 26.3 (8.6) | 22.3 (11.6) | 0.17 | 10.0–50.0 |
| Albumin [g/L] | 41.0 (1.9) | 41.5 (1.9) | 0.37 | 34–45 |
| Cholesterol [mmol/L] | 5.4 (0.9) | 5.5 (1.1) | 0.88 | 4.2–8.5 |
| Creatinine [µmol/L] | 79.0 (10.2) | 83.4 (14.5) | 0.22 | 45–105 |
| CRP [mg/L] | 1.9 (1.4) | 2.2 (2.9) | 0.57 | <8 |
| Glucose [mmol/L] | 6.4 (1.7) | 5.4 (0.9) | 0.01 | 4.2–7.8 |
| Haemoglobin [mmol/L] | 8.8 (0.7) | 8.5 (1.0, n = 15) | 0.45 | 7.3–10.5 |
| HDL [mmol/L] | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.4) | 0.35 | 0.7–1.9 |
| LDL [mmol/L] | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.3 (0.9) | 0.71 | 2.2–5.7 |
| LDH [U/L] | 170.2 (31.2) | 192.1 (38.7) | 0.03 | 105–255 |
| Triglycerides [mmol/L] | 1.5 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.8) | 0.34 | 0.6–3.9 |
| Urea [mmol/L] | 5.8 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.5) | 0.77 | 3.1–8.1 |
| Neurocognitive test scores | ||||
| MMSE | - | 20.0 (4.5) | - | - |
| ACE | - | 58.0 (16.5, n = 21) | - | - |
| FAQ | - | 11.8 (6.2, n = 21) | - | - |
| CSF neurodegenerative markers | ||||
| Aβ [ng/L] | - | 682.8 (216.3, n = 9) | - | >500 |
| p-tau [ng/L] | - | 81.7 (25.0, n = 9) | - | <61 |
| t-tau [ng/L] | - | 520.4 (102.4, n = 9) | - | <450 |
| Plasma neurodegenerative markers | ||||
| Aβ40 [pg/mL] | 95.1 (10.2) | 108.7 (17.4) | 0.002 | - |
| Aβ42 [pg/mL] | 5.3 (1.0) | 5.6 (1.3) | 0.5 | - |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 | 0.06 (0.009) | 0.05 (0.009) | 0.06 | - |
| GFAP [pg/mL] | 88.6 (32.8) | 247.1 (277.9) | 0.01 | - |
| Nf-L [pg/mL] | 12.5 (4.4) | 36.9 (24.5) | 0.04 | - |
| p-tau181 [pg/mL] | 1.8 (0.8) | 3.1 (1.3) | 0.00005 | - |