Figure 1.

Various 3D human systems assist in IPF research. This includes hydrogel cultures of lung fibroblasts for cell interaction studies and therapeutic testing. Patient-derived precision-cut lung slices for modeling various stages of fibrosis and drug screening. Lung organoids from stem cells for modeling IPF pathophysiology and therapeutic testing. Lung-on-a-chip systems incorporate multiple cell types for modeling IPF, recapitulate epithelial and vascular functions, and apply dynamic mechanical strain.