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. 2024 Nov 4;17(21):5387. doi: 10.3390/ma17215387

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Normal distribution of fracture toughness of plain concrete specimens based on DKFM: (a) Cracking fracture toughness $K_{IC}^{i n i}$ ; (b) Unstable fracture toughness $K_{IC}^{u n}$ .