Manuka treatment increases the activity of JNK in normal human fibroblasts and fibrosarcoma cells. (A) CUA-4 normal fibroblast cells were plated into 100 mm dishes, serum-starved overnight, and treated for 4 h with the indicated concentrations of manuka essential oil. Western blot analysis was performed with the indicated antibodies to detect phosphorylated JNK, total JNK, and actin (loading control). Control cultures were left untreated (“control”). (B) The densitometry of phosphorylated JNK detection from CUA-4 cells. * results for pJNK detection are the average of 14 independent experiments and were found to be significant using a t test (p < 0.05). (C) The densitometry of JNK detection from CUA-4 cells. Results for JNK are representative of 6 independent experiments. (D) HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells were plated into 100 mm dishes, serum-starved overnight, and treated for 4 h with the indicated concentrations of manuka essential oil. Western blot analysis was performed with the indicated antibodies to detect phosphorylated JNK, total JNK, and actin (loading control). Control cultures were left untreated (“control”). (E) The densitometry of phosphorylated JNK detection from HT-1080 cells. * results for pJNK detection are the average of 8 independent experiments and were found to be significant using a t test (p < 0.005). (F) The densitometry of JNK detection from HT-1080 cells. Results for JNK are representative of 14 independent experiments.