Table 3.
Information on the studies that were included in the systematic review (n = 23).
| Author, Year, Country |
Participants, Total N, Age |
Duration, Sessions/ Week |
Creatine, Loading Protocol |
Creatine, Maintenance Protocol | Muscle Group Location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almeida et al. [23], 2020, Brazil |
Untrained males, 34, 23.45 ± 3.17 |
4 weeks, 3/week |
0.3 g/kg/day for 7 days | 0.03 g/kg/day for 21 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Arazi et al. [22], 2019, Iran |
Untrained males, 16, 18 ± 3 |
6 weeks, 3/week |
20 g/day for 5 days | 5 g/day for 32 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Arciero et al. [24], 2001, USA |
Untrained males, 20, 22 ± 2.99 |
4 weeks 3/week |
20 g/day for 5 days | 5 g/day for 23 days | upper body, lower body |
| Bemben et al. [25], 2001, USA |
Trained males, 17, 19.35 ± 0.34 |
9 weeks 4/week |
20 g/day for 5 days | 5 g/day for 44 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Cribb et al. [26], 2007, Australia |
Trained males, 15, 24.53 ± 6.27 |
11 weeks 4/week |
0.3 g/kg/day for 7 days | 0.1 g/kg/day for 70 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Ferguson et al. [27], 2005, Canada |
Trained females, 26, 24.6 ± 3.68 |
9.5 weeks 4/week |
0.3 g/kg/day for 7 days | 0.03 g/kg/day for 58 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Hoffman et al. [28], 2006, USA |
Trained males, 33, NR |
10 weeks 4/week |
No loading | 10.5 g/day for 70 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Kaviani et al. [29], 2019, Canada |
Untrained males, 18, 23 ± 3 |
8 weeks 3/week |
No loading | 0.07 g/kg/day for 56 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Kelly et al. [30], 1998, Australia |
Trianed males, 18, 26.8 ± 5.78 |
4 weeks 2/week |
20 g/day for 5 days | 5 g/day for 21 days | Upper body |
| Larson et al. [31], 2000, USA |
Trained females, 14, 19.15 ± 1.40 |
12 weeks 3/week |
15 g/day for 5 days | 5 g/day for 12 weeks | Upper body, lower body |
| Mills et al. [32], 2020, USA |
Trained males and females, 22, 26 ± 4.32 |
6 weeks 5/week |
No loading | 0.1 g/kg/day for 6 weeks | Upper body, lower body |
| Noonan et al. [33], 1998, USA |
Trained males, 39, 19.83 ± 1.3 |
8 weeks 4/week |
20 g/day for 5 days | Low dose: 0.1 g/kg/day for 51 days High dose: 0.3 g/kg/day for 51 days |
Upper body |
| Pearson et al. [34], 1999, USA |
Trained males, 16, 20.7 |
10 weeks 4/week |
No loading | 5 g/day for 70 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Peeters et al. [35], 1999, USA |
Trianed males, 34, 21.2 ± 2.6 |
6 weeks 4/week |
20 g/day for 3 days | 10 g/day for 39 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Sandro et al. [36], 2012, Brazil |
Trained males 18, 17.10 ± 1.63 |
4 weeks 3/week |
20 g/day for 5 days | 5 g/day for 27 days | Upper body |
| Saremi et al. [37], 2010, Iran |
Untrained males, 16, 23.06 ± 2.65 |
8 weeks 3/weeks |
0.3 g/kg/day for 7 days | 0.05 g/kg/day for 35 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Stone et al. [38], 1999, USA |
Trained males, 20, 18.48 ± 0.74 |
5 weeks 3/week |
No loading | 0.22 g/kg/day for 35 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Stout et al. [39], 1999, USA |
Trained males, 16, 19.6 ± 1.0 |
8 week 4/week |
21 g/day for 5 days | 10.5 g/day for 51 days | Upper body |
| Syrotuik et al. [40], 2000, Canada |
Trained males, 14, 23.15 ± 0.89 |
5 weeks 4/week |
0.3 g/kg/day for 5 days | 0.03 g/kg/day for 32 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Taylor et al. [41], 2011, USA |
Trained males, 29, 20.38 ± 2.88 |
8 week 4/week |
No loading | 5 g/day for 8 weeks | Upper body, lower body |
| Volek et al. [42], 1999, USA |
Trained males, 19, 25.51 ± 5.2 |
12 weeks 4/week |
25 g/day for 7 days | 5 g/day for 77 days | Upper body, lower body |
| Wang et al. [43], 2018, China |
Trained males, 30, 20 ± 1.55 |
4 week 3/week |
20 g/day for 6 days | 2 g/day for 22 days | Lower body |
| Wilder et al. [44], 2002, USA |
Trained males, 25, 19 ± 1.02 |
10 week 4/week |
20 g/day for 1 week | Low dose: 3 g/day for 10 weeks High dose: 5 g/day for 9 weeks |
Lower body |