Table 1.

Benefits of polyphenols in preventing cellular senescence during aging in body composition tissues.

Polyphenol	Model	Intervention/Treatment	Results	Reference
Quercetin	C2C12 cells	Quercetin (25, 50, 75, and 100 μM) for 24 h	Downregulation of Bax and ROS and the reversal of the ΔΨm imbalance	[279]
	3T3-L1 cells	Quercetin (0.1–10 µM) for 24 h	Reduced C/EBPβ, SREBP1, and PPARγ gene expression; reduced LPL, FAS expression and triacylglycerol content.	[282]
	3T3-L1 senescent cells	Quercetin 20 μM	Reduction of SA-β-gal activity, ROS, and inflammatory cytokines; inhibition of miR-155-5p expression; NF-κB and p65 downregulation and SIRT-1 upregulation.	[285]
EGCG	3T3-L1 senescent cells	EGCG (50 and 100 μM)	Downregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and AMPK signaling; suppression of ROS, iNOS, Cox-2, NF-κB, SASP, and p53 mediated cell cycle inhibition; suppression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 accumulation in senescent cells.	[287]
	3T3-L1 senescent cells	EGCG 50 μM	Reduced IL-6 and CDKN1a expression levels; NRF2 and SIRT3 activation.	[288]
	SAMP8 mice (32 weeks old) and late passage C2C12 cells	Diet containing without or with 0.32% EGCG for 8 weeks	Increased miRNA-486-5p expression in both aged SAMP8 mice and C2C12 cells; AKT phosphorylation stimulation and inhibition of FoxO1; MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 in vivo and in vitro; increased Myostatin expression in C2C12 cells.	[264]
		Cells treatment with EGCG (50 μM) for 24 h.
Ginsenoside Rg1	12 young men (age 21 ± 0.2 years)	Rg1 (5 mg) supplementations 1 h prior to a high-intensity cycling (70% VO2max)	Suppression of SA-β-gal activity in exercised muscle samples.	[289]
Curcumin	Male C57/B6 mice (4–6 weeks old)	1000 mg/kg curcumin once a day for 14 days	Overexpression of VEGF-A and Ang-1 in EPCs and number of senescent EPCs reduced.	[290]
	C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old)	Curcumin (0.1%) in HFD until 80 weeks old	Reduction of SA-β-Gal activity and MCP-1 expression; enhanced of HO-1 activity; suppression of urinary 8OHdG and superoxide production.	[291]
	rADSC cells	Curcumin (1 and 5 µM) for 48 h	Suppression of SA-ß-gal activity; increased TERT expression levels.	[292]
	C57BL6J and C57BL10ScSn (18 months-old)	Curcumin (120 μg/kg) injected subcutaneously (every 6th day, for 6 months)	Preserved type-1 myofiber size and increased type-2A one in soleus; increased MyoD-positive satellite cells from old hindlimb muscles.	[293]
Fisetin	Progeroid mice (p16+/Luc;Ercc1−/∆); murine embryonic fibroblasts (Ercc1−/− MEFs) and human fibroblasts (IMR90)	Fisetin-enriched diet (500 mg/kg)	Reduction of SA-β-gal activity; expression of p16Ink4a, p21Cip1 and the SASP factors in vitro and in vivo in white adipose tissue.	[294]
		Cells treatment with fisetin (1–15 μ M) for 48 h
	HUVEC cells	Fisetin (1–100 μM) for 72 h	Induces apoptosis in senescent cells.	[295]
	rADSCs cells	Fisetin (25, 50 or 100 µM) for 24 h	Reduction of ROS, SA-β-gal activity, and senescence-associated heterochromatin foci.	[298]
Resveratrol	Male Wistar rats	Resveratrol (10 mg/kg, 0.1 mL/100 g)	Reduction in gene expression of IL-6, TNF-α and increase in Creb-1 levels; reduction of activated microglia and increase in cell proliferation.	[303]
	Annual fish N. guentheri	Resveratrol-enriched diet (200 μg/g food) until 12 months old	Inhibition of NF-κB by decreasing RelA/p65, Ac-RelA/p65 and p-IκBα levels; reduced SA-β-gal activity; SASP-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNFα and increases anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10; increased SIRT1 expression.	[304]
Proanthocyanidins	Female Zucker fa/fa rats (5 weeks old)	GSPE (35 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks	Inhibition of iNos and IL-6 expression and increased Adiponectin levels in adipocytes.	[307]
	Male ICR mice (6 weeks old)	Procyanidin B2 by gavage (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days	Decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS expression; inhibited the translocation of NF-κB/p65 from the cytosol to the nuclear fraction in mouse liver; inhibited CCl4-induced hepatocyte apoptosis; suppressed the upregulation of Bax expression and restored the downregulation of Bcl-xL expression.	[308]
	Wistar female rats (11 weeks old)	GSPE (75 and 200 mg/kg/day)	Downregulated the genes Il-6 and iNos; decreased the glutathione ratio (GSSG/total glutathione).	[309]
	Crossbreed male pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire)	Procyanidin-enriched diet (0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.04%) for 4 weeks	Reduction in the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α at 4 h after LPS challenge.	[310]
	THP-1-macrophages	Procyanidin B2 (10 μM) for 1–4 h	Inhibition of inflammasome activation includes the inactivation of the NF-κB/p65 nuclear expression; repression of COX2, iNOS, IL-6, IL-1β, and NO; decreases NLRP3 and caspase-1 activation.	[311]
Ellagic acid	Male C57BL/6 mice (6 to 9 weeks old)	Ellagic acid (5, 50, and 100 mg/kg P.O) for 42 days	Reduction of lipid peroxidation, ROS, and Sirt3 levels; increased antioxidant capacity, GSH/GSSG ratio, and mitochondrial activity.	[313]
	Male ICR mice (8 weeks old)	Ellagic acid (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks	Enhanced fiber size and weight of gastrocnemius, and grip strength; decreased Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 expressions; increased NRF-1 and PGC-1α expressions to alleviate mitochondrial disorder; CHOP and GRP-87 levels to relieve ER stress; inhibited BAX expressions and enhanced Bcl-2 expressions to mitigate apoptosis.	[315]