Table 1.
Analytical techniques used for the determination of micronutrients in human milk.
| Micronutrients | Analytical Technique |
|---|---|
| Free thiamine | UPLC tandem mass spectrometry |
| Free riboflavin | UPLC tandem mass spectrometry |
| Nicotinamide | UPLC tandem mass spectrometry |
| Pantothenic acid | UPLC tandem mass spectrometry |
| Pyridoxal | UPLC tandem mass spectrometry |
| Folic acid | UPLC tandem mass spectrometry |
| Cobalamin | Competitive immunoassay method |
| Ascorbic acid | HPLC-DAD |
| Retinol | HPLC with a fluorescence and UV detector |
| Vitamin D3 | UPLC electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry |
| 25(OH)D3 | UPLC electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry |
| α-tocopherol | HPLC with a fluorescence and UV detector |
| γ-tocopherol | HPLC with a fluorescence and UV detector |
| Iodine | Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry |
| Calcium | Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry |
| Phosphorous | Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry |
| Selenium | Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry |
Abbreviations: UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; DAD, diode array detector; UV, ultraviolet.