Table 7.
Average vitamin and mineral concentration in human milk of lactating women collected during four successive days.
| Nutrient 1 | Lactating Women | Mature Milk Nutrient Concentration Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n (o) | Concentration | ||
| Free thiamin, B1 (mcg/L) | 143 (570) | 17.90 (9.08, 27.90) | Free thiamin 18.5 [13] Total thiamin 180 [14] |
| Free riboflavin, B2 (mcg/L) | 143 (570) | 40.38 (20.45, 97.70) | Free riboflavin 11.2 [13] Total riboflavin 364 [15] |
| Nicotinamide, B3 (mcg/L) | 143 (570) | 43.33 (26.23, 77.15) | Nicotinamide 275 [13] Total niacin 2100 [16] |
| Pantothenic acid, B5 (mcg/L) | 143 (570) | 2205.76 (39.62) (473.83) | 2500 [17] 1304 [13] |
| Pyridoxal, B6 (mcg/L) | 143 (570) | 36.73 (24.78, 53.90) | Pyridoxal 96 [13] B6 130 [18] |
| Folic acid, B9 (mcg/L) | 143 (570) | 18.48 (14.25, 23.70) | |
| Cobalamin, B12 | 142 (565) | ||
| pM | 482.46 (448.34, 533.41) | ||
| mcg/L | 0.65 (0.61, 0.72) | 0.5 [19] | |
| Ascorbic acid (mg/dL) | 142 (566) | 4.10 (0.15) (1.84) | |
| Dehydroascorbic acid (mg/dL) | 142 (566) | 1.86 (1.15, 2.81) | |
| Vitamin C * | 142 (566) | ||
| mg/dL | 6.40 (5.51, 7.16) | ||
| mg/L | 63.98 (55.07, 71.61) | 35–90 [20] | |
| Retinol | 141 (561) | ||
| mcg/dL | 45.45 (27.29, 92.23) | ||
| mcg/L | 454.50 (272.88, 922.25) | 530 [21] | |
| Vitamin D3 | 143 (566) | ||
| pg/mL | 1132.95 (279.63, 4823.43) | ||
| mcg/L | 1.13 (0.28, 4.82) | 0.25–2 [22] | |
| 25(OH)D3 | 143 (567) | ||
| pg/mL | 61.20 (27.60, 118.85) | ||
| mcg/L | 0.06 (0.03, 0.12) | ||
| α-tocopherol | 141 (561) | ||
| mcg/dL | 441.63 (362.09, 558.06) | ||
| mg/L | 4.42 (3.62, 5.58) | 4.6 [23] | |
| γ-tocopherol | 141 (561) | ||
| mcg/dL | 51.25 (38.01, 69.83) | ||
| mg/L | 0.51 (0.38, 0.70) | 0.45 [13] | |
| Vitamin E (as TE) ** | 141 (561) | ||
| mcg/dL | 458.91 (379.28, 580.73) | ||
| mg/L | 4.59 (3.79, 5.81) | 5.2 [13] | |
| Iodine (mcg/L) | 143 (570) | 142.65 (92.93, 207.28) | 50–100 [18] 100–200 [24,25] |
| Calcium (mg/L) | 143 (570) | 92.40 (61.25, 126.10) | 200–300 [26] |
| Phosphorous (mg/L) | 143 (570) | 130.55 (2.18) (26.12) | 120–140 [18,27] |
| Selenium (mcg/L) | 143 (570) | 11.03 (9.25, 13.08) | 18 [28] |
Quantitative variables following a normal distribution are described by the mean (standard error) (standard deviation), whereas the median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) is used for variables following a non-normal distribution. n: number of lactating women with data. o: total number of the samples (observations) corresponding to each of the four human milk collection days. 1 The units of our results were converted to the units of the reference values for comparability. * Vitamin C (mg/dL) = ascorbic acid (mg/dL) + dehydroascorbic acid (mg/dL). ** Vitamin E (TE) (mg) = α-tocopherol (mg) + 0.25 × γ-tocopherol (mg) [29]. Abbreviations: TE, tocopherol equivalent.