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. 2024 Oct 30;16(21):3711. doi: 10.3390/nu16213711

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of P72, HO, and PH on IS-induced DA- and insomnia-like behavior in mice. Effects on OT (a) and OE (b) in EPMT and IT in TST (c). Effects on TD (d), CD (e), TC (f), and travel pathway (g) in OFT. Effects on SLT (h) and SLD (i). IS, vehicle; P72_L, 4 × 10⁸ CFU/mL of P72; P72_H, 1 × 10⁹ CFU/mouse of P72; HO_H, 0.24 g/kg of HO; PH, 0.4 × 10⁹ CFU/mouse/day of P72 and 0.12 g/kg of HO; DP, 20 mg/kg DPH, in IS/PS-exposed mice; NC, vehicle, in IS/PS-nontreated mice. Data are mean ± SD (n = 8). ^# p < 0.05 vs. NC. * p < 0.05 vs. IS.