Table 1.

Examples of gene editing in soybean and associated phenotypes.

Category	Gene Name	Gene Function	Phenotype	Reference
Abiotic stress	GmHdz4	Homeodomain-leucine zipper TF	Enhanced drought tolerance, increased root length, area, and number of root tips	[105]
	GmAITR	ABA-induced transcription repressor	Enhanced salinity tolerance	[106]
	GmPLA	Phospholipase A	Flooding and drought tolerance. Modified response in iron and phosphorus deficiency.	[107]
	GmWRKY46	WRKY TF family induced by phosphorous deprivation in roots.	Enhanced tolerance in phosphorous deficiency	[108]
	GmPYL	Receptor involved in ABA signal transduction.	Reduction in ABA sensitivity. Higher seed germination rate, plant height and branch number.	[109]
	GmLHY	TF that regulates the ABA signaling pathway	Improved drought tolerance	[110]
Architecture, plant morphology, and production	GmDWF1	Synthesis of brassinosteroids	Increase in pod production	[111]
	GmPDH1	Synthesis and distribution of lignin in the pod internal sclerenchyma.	Pod shattering resistance	[112]
	GmLHY	MYB TF involved in the gibberellic acid pathway	Reduction in plant height and shortened internodes	[113]
	GmSPL9	TF involved in regulating plant architecture	Shorter plastochron length and increased node number	[114]
	GmJAG	Homolog of JAGGED TF in Arabidopsis	Increase in number of seeds per pot and higher yield	[115]
	GmE4	Homolog of phytochrome A in Arabidopsis	Earlier maturation time	[116]
	GmCPR5	Regulation of the plant immune response, cell cycle, and development	Short trichomes with smaller nuclei	[117]
	GmEOD and GmAIP2	E3 ubiquitin ligases	Larger seed size with higher protein and oil content	[118,119]
	GmmiR396	Negative regulator of grain size	Enlarged seed size and increased yield	[120]
	GmKIX8	Negatively transcriptional regulator of cell proliferation	Increased seeds and leaves size	[121]
Biotic stress	GmF3H and GmFNSII-1	Flavanone-3-hydroxylase and flavone synthase II	Increase in isoflavone content and resistance to SMV	[122]
	GmUGT	UDP-glycosyltransferase	Resistance to leaf-chewing insects	[123]
	GmCDPK38	Calcium-dependent protein kinase	Increased resistance to Spodoptera litura and late flowering	[124]
	GmTAP1	Histone acetyltransferase	Enhanced resistance to Phytophthora sojae	[125]
	GmARM	ABA-related signaling pathway protein	Salt tolerance, alkali and Phytophthora sojae resistance	[126]
	GmSNAP02	Vesicle fusion in intracellular trafficking	Resistance to soybean cyst nematode	[127]
Flowering time	GmEIL and GmEIN	Ethylene signal perception and transduction	Early flowering and increased yield	[128]
	GmE1, GmFKF, GmTOE4b, and GmLNK	TF and regulators of GmFT2a y GmFT5a	Early flowering	[129,130,131,132,133,134]
	GmFT, GmAP1, GmNMHC5, and GmSOC1	Florigen protein and proteins related to identity of floral organs	Adaptation for planting in low latitudes (late flowering)	[135,136,137,138,139]
Herbicide resistance	GmAHAS	Biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids	Resistance to five AHAS-inhibiting herbicides	[140]
Male sterility	GmMS1	Sporophytic controlling factor for anther and pollen development	Male sterility (useful trait for breeding applications)	[141,142]
	GmAMS	bHLH TF that affects tapetal development		[143]
Nodulation	GmRIC	Nodule-enhanced CLE peptide	Increase in nodule number per plant	[144,145]
Nutritional and organoleptic value	β-conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S)	Storage proteins	Changes in emulsion stability and gelling ability in soy protein	[146]
	GmlincCG1	Long noncoding RNA mapped to the intergenic region of the 7S α-subunit locus	Deficiency of the allergenic α’, α, and β subunits of 7S	[147]
	GmRS, GmSTS, and GmGOLS	Raffinose and stachyose biosynthesis	Reduction in anti-nutritive oligosaccharides	[80,148]
	GmIPK1 and GmMRP5	Synthesis and transport of phytic acid	Reduced phytic acid content in seeds	[149,150]
	GmLOX	Lipoxygenases related with “beany” flavor	Beany flavor reduction	[151]
	GmKTI and GmBBi	Kunitz and Bowman–Birk protease inhibitors	Low trypsin and chemotrypsin inhibitor content	[152,153]
	GmBADH2	Aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase, involved in the formation of 2-AP	Confers a “pandan-like” (high value quality trait) aroma	[154]
Oil profile	GmFAD2	Conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid	High oleic, low linoleic, and alfa-linoleic phenotype	[155,156,157,158,159]
	GmPDCT	Phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase		[160]